Perm local history has a long and rich history. Serious research works on the history of the region appeared long before the beginning of printing in Perm. And the book publishing business, which arose here in 1792, immediately acquired a pronounced local history character.
There are many reasons for such an active local history movement in the Urals. Here are the features of the history of the region; its political and economic-geographical position; constant attention to the life of the region of the government, its interest in the study and development of the region; a constant influx here (for different purposes and for different reasons) educated, knowledgeable people from the capitals.

Perm regional studies developed according to the same laws as all-Russian regional studies. The first significant works of local lore were written by researchers of the Perm Territory - scientists, travelers, statesmen, writers, etc.
These are the works related to the 18th century by V.N.Tatishchev, P.S.Pallas, P.P. Rychkov, I.I. Lepekhin, A.G. Humboldt, and others.

Let us note here the works of V. N. Tatishchev, who stood not only at the foundation of Russian science and Russian local history, but also at the foundation of Perm local history, moreover, at the foundation of the general history of our city. Recall that it was V.N. Tatishchev who determined the site for the construction of the Yegoshikhinsky plant - the future Perm. Perm material is constantly found in his famous "Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil". Very interesting is his "Legend of the mammoth beast" - the history of the Kungur ice cave and the Kungur region.

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev

Also interesting are the works about the Urals by P.P. Rychkov, who, by the way, became the very first corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences - in 1759.

P.I. Rychkov

Here it is necessary to mention the most interesting "Description of Perm factories" by William de Gennin.
Many works from those that we now consider the main sources of the study of the Perm Territory were created by the Permians, but on the initiative, on the instructions, as we would say now, of the "center".

William de Gennin

First of all, this is the famous "Economic description of the Perm province in accordance with the outline of the St. Petersburg Free Economic Society, composed in 1802 and 1802 in the city of Perm" (Perm, 1804), compiled by NS Popov under the leadership of the governor K. F. Moderakh. And also: Moselle X. Materials for geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Perm province. Ch. 1-2. Compiled by the General Staff Lieutenant Colonel H. Moselle. - SPb., 1864.

Of course, the main contribution to the development of Perm regional studies was made by the Permians themselves - residents of our region, natives of the Perm province, or people who lived and worked here for a long time. Thanks to them, we now have such an excellent fund of local history literature, a richest collection of archival documents, in a word, the accumulated local history knowledge.

The most interesting works of local lore in the first half of the 19th century are the already mentioned work of NS Popov, and his "Historical and geographical description of the Perm province, composed for the atlas of 1800" (Perm, 1801). Here it is necessary to mention the work of VN Berkh "Travel to the cities of Cherdyn and Solikamsk to search for historical antiquities" (St. Petersburg, 1821).

Among the first Perm ethnographers can be named the manager of the Stroganov estates F.A.Volegov, the priests Gabriel Sapozhnikov and Ippolit Slovtsov.

The second half of the 19th century - the heyday of Perm local history. It was initiated by the publication in Moscow by D. D. Smyshlyaev of two volumes of the Perm Collection (1859-1860). By the way, in his review of the first volume of the collection in the Sovremennik magazine, critic N. A. Dobrolyubov formulated, in essence, another reason for such an active development of local history in the Urals. Presenting to the readers a collection of articles about the Perm Territory, remarkable in all respects, N. A. Dobrolyubov wrote: “It is in the provinces that there live people who reason, who are seriously interested in science and literature, who follow the modern trend of thought with love. In the provinces, it is usually sensible, strong people who develop, and from there they come to the capitals "with a thirst for knowledge and work", with fresh strength and love for work. "

Dmitry Dmitrievich Smyshlyaev

There were people in our region who were able not only to raise local history to the highest level, but also to infect new and new followers with their enthusiasm - that is how such a phenomenon as Perm local history traditions was born. Following the "Perm collection", one after another, interesting local history publications appear. Let us note again that book publishing in the Perm Territory has never been commercial - it is always production and local history in nature.

Let's try to formulate what exactly the Perm local history traditions are, why we consider Perm local history a bright phenomenon in the cultural life of our region.

Traditions are historically established and passed on from generation to generation experience, practice in any area of \u200b\u200bpublic life, reality, etc.

What are the features of local lore activity in the Perm province in the 19th - early 20th centuries, which make it possible to talk about the existing experience and practice in this area?

Apparently, it is possible to distinguish three such features, three principles, which to one degree or another adhered to in their activities, our predecessors:

1) continuity;
2) professionalism;
3) organization, coordination of local history activities.

1. Continuity.

A characteristic feature of the Perm ethnographers of the 19th and early 20th centuries was respect for the works of their predecessors. For all major local historians, it is natural to realize that they are not just a lone amateur, but a follower of the work already begun on the study of their native land.

One of the concrete examples of such continuity is the chronological annals of the city of Perm, covering almost the entire history of the city until 1917.

The continuity consisted not only in the desire to continue the work of the predecessors of local history, but also in the consciousness of their responsibility for their works, preserved in handwritten form, scattered, unpublished, unknown to the reader. A huge number of such materials were found and published by D. D. Smyshlyaev, A. A. Dmitriev, V. N. Shishonko and others, often at their own expense.

Alexander Alekseevich Dmitriev

It is important to note that the publication was preceded, as a rule, by a serious preparation of the material. It was accompanied by a foreword, modern notes and explanations.

Vasily Nikiforovich Shishonko

This work became more orderly with the formation of the Perm Provincial Scientific Archive Commission.

Not limiting themselves to publishing the works of local historians and the archival documents they found, our predecessors tried to somehow perpetuate their memory, searched for information about life and work, published essays dedicated to them, detailed obituaries, compiled a bibliography of their works. There are a lot of examples here. The most striking are the serious research essays by A. A. Dmitriev about F. A. Volegov, P. N. Slovtsov and others.

The continuity also lay in the fact that all the great local historians of the past deliberately worked for the future, prepared the ground for future research, and tried to facilitate the work of their followers.

2. Professionalism

The first book was published two hundred years ago in Perm. Now we have the richest local history fund. "The economic description of the Perm province" by N. S. Popov, the multivolume "Perm chronicle" by V. N. Shishonko, eight issues of "Permian antiquity" by A. A. Dmitriev, the geographical dictionary by N. K. Chupin, "time-based" or continuing editions D D. Smyshlyaeva "Perm collection" and "Perm region" - no serious historian can do without these books. But almost all of them were created not by historians, just by local historians. True, then they called themselves differently - connoisseurs or adherents of the Perm Territory, lovers of the Ural antiquity, etc.

There are many lovers of the Perm Territory even now, among modern local historians. But our predecessors, those whose names have remained in the history of local history, were distinguished by the professionalism of their local history activities. Almost all of them had some kind of special education, profession. D. D. Smyshlyaev was a merchant, V. N. Shishonko was a doctor, N. N. Novokreshchennykh was a mining engineer, A. Ye. And F. A. Teploukhovs were foresters, Ya. V. Shestakov was a priest. VS Verkholantsev also had a spiritual education, who wrote in his autobiography: "I consider local history my specialty." At the same time, all these people were professional local historians.
In an effort to achieve the best result of their work, they perfectly mastered archeography and bibliography, became professional publishers, editors, journalists, museum workers, archivists, archaeologists. The most striking example is D. D. Smyshlyaev.

Any novice ethnographer in our time can appreciate the importance of all these skills, recognize their necessity. How many mistakes happen because of the inability to work with an archival document, to understand the bibliography. How often does a person follow the wrong track or repeat a discovery already made by someone, not knowing the system of archival institutions and libraries, not being able to find the material he needs, although it happens to lie on the surface.

The following should be noted here. It is no secret that in many works of our predecessors, we sometimes find errors and inaccuracies. Least of all I would like to idealize these people. It should be emphasized once again that speaking about the professionalism of local historians of the XIX - early XX centuries, we mean, first of all, their approach to business, attitude to it, the requirements that they made to themselves as local historians and which they sought to meet.

One of these requirements is unconditional objectivity and honesty in research work. Without this, it is impossible to become a professional. Professionalism is incompatible with "ideological considerations."

3. Organization, coordination of local history activities

The desire to organize local history activities can be traced by referring to the documents related to the preparation for the publication of the already mentioned "Perm collection". D.D.Smyshlyaev and his assistant in the compilation work, teacher of the Perm gymnasium N.A.Firsov, in fact, not only formed a team of authors, but also laid the foundations for the organization and coordination of the already existing but fragmented local history movement in the province. Having identified in various ways people involved in the study of the history of the region, D. D. Smyshlyaev did not lose touch with them. Among the authors of the collection are AE Teploukhov, a forester from Ilyinsky, N. Rogov, a researcher of the Komi-Permian life, A. N. Zyryanov, a folklorist and ethnographer, and many others.

Alexander Efimovich Teploukhov

From this point of view, it is very interesting to look at the leaflets distributed at that time by the publishers of the collection: “Announcement of an undertaking publication“ Permsky collection ”,“ Announcement from the editors of “Permsky collection”, “Program of time-based publication“ Permsky collection ” In essence, these documents are a well-thought-out program of local history activities for many years to come. Moreover, this program may well be used by us, contemporary local historians. Awareness of their involvement in the common cause of studying and developing their native land helped to choose the right direction for their own searches. Apparently, due to this, the local history knowledge accumulated by our predecessors is a complex, an integral structure without especially large white spots - areas untouched by researchers. We have at our disposal a wealth of material on practically all branches of knowledge: history, economics, culture, everyday life and folk customs, folklore, etc.

It is very important to note that a high level of Perm regional studies was achieved thanks to the combined efforts of government agencies, the public, and publishers. Everything is interconnected here. A huge amount of local history materials were published by the provincial statistical committee, zemstvo, various "departmental" institutions. Local history activities were generally characteristic of zemstvo institutions and should become the topic of a special study.

Newspapers, and first of all "Permskie vedomosti", played an important role in the dissemination of local history knowledge.

An important stage in the development of Perm regional studies was the opening of the Provincial Scientific Archive Commission, the Scientific and Industrial Museum. With their formation, the organization of the local history movement in the province was completed. These institutions naturally took the lead in all regional studies and coordinated them.

A system of local history associations, societies and circles was gradually formed. One of the largest - UOLE - was opened in Yekaterinburg in 1870. His commission worked in Perm.

The church also contributed to the development of local history. This topic - church local lore - is also waiting for its researchers. Many clergymen began to study local lore, abandon their works, books, manuscripts. Here you can list many names: G. Sapozhnikov - the first Perm chronicle, E. A. Popov - the most serious work "Great Perm diocese (1379-1879)" and a number of other works; A. Lukanin - the most famous work "Church-historical and archaeological description of the city of Solikamsk" (1882) and other works; V.S. Verkholantsev - books about Perm; In general, Ya. V. Shestakov is an individual - a local historian, journalist, publisher, missionary.

E. A. Popov, mentioned above, was an ardent preacher of love for his land. This is what he said, for example, in his sermon to the parishioners of the Resurrection Church on the day of the centenary of Perm, October 18, 1881. “Perm and the Perm province constitute a fatherland for us in the immediate sense. Hence follows a number of our responsibilities to this country. First of all, who shouldn't love their homeland? In many, this love is unconscious, for example, it affects the "melancholy on the other side." But one must wish that she was conscious, reasonable.

Evgeny Alekseevich Popov

They do not humiliate us in the least, on the contrary, they still elevate a simple village or a small town - our homeland, as well as our ancestry from simple parents. It is strange to hear how people sometimes complain about their new location, who, due to their service or other circumstances, have to live after the capital or another glorious city in a small remote town. In a new place, these people do not like anything, everything is not for them, everything is low for them, all are unworthy of them. What pride! Is not the Lord's earth and its fulfillment everywhere? And so, if the homeland is kind to each of us, that every feature in it, joyful or sad, should evoke sympathy in us. "

The activity of the Perm Diocesan Church-Archaeological Society, opened in 1912, was and promised to be very productive in the future. Unfortunately, he published only two issues of Izvestia - in 1915 and 1917.

All local history institutions and societies are characterized by the following areas of work: planning and reporting; support and encouragement of members of society; the direction of their search activities; publishing activity; educational activities - active appearances in the press, open meetings, organizing exhibitions, giving lectures, etc.

The activity of local historians of the late XIX - early XX century is characterized by the most active participation in public life. There are many examples here.

So, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, such a phenomenon in the life of our region as the Perm local history traditions finally took shape. Why are we talking now not about their continuation, but about their revival?

The local history movement never stopped here. Even in the difficult thirties, it found some way out.

Nowadays, local history occupies an increasingly prominent place in the public life of the country. It has become noticeably more active in our region. Serious research works, review articles on the history of local history, and methodological materials appear one after another.

And at the same time, even having superficially analyzed the state of local history before and after 1917, we come to the conclusion that the Perm local history traditions were terminated with the establishment of Soviet power and were completely lost over time. Let us emphasize once again that we are talking about traditions - experience, practice of local history work.

Indeed, can we really talk about continuity, if practically all Soviet local history began from zero - the starting point was 1917. The works of our predecessors are now known for a number of reasons only to a few. Not only works - their names do not say anything to the population.

You can't talk about professionalism either. What can we talk about if until recently the archival funds were closed, literature was hidden in the special funds of libraries. The skill of publishing, editorial activity was useless.

However, this all concerned not only local history. Professionalism was generally out of favor in the Soviet Union.

There is no need to talk for a long time about the coordination, organization of local history work, it is clear that it was carried out precisely in the Soviet sense.

Let us only compare the attitude in society towards local historians, which existed at the beginning of the 20th century and which has developed to our days. It's no secret that even now there is still an attitude towards these people as annoying eccentrics, although changes are finally noticeable.

Apparently, here it is necessary to dwell briefly on such a phenomenon as the surge in local history activity in the 1920s. SO Schmidt called these years the “golden decade” of Soviet local history. Judging by some publications of recent years, including those related to Perm regional studies, many researchers agree with this definition. I think this is wrong. If we agree with this definition, we must take as the date of birth of Soviet local history 1917, then the rise in the 20s, the defeat in the 30s, and a gradual revival in the future. But this is not the case. In fact, the 1920s were a time when regional studies, including Perm studies, tried to adapt to new conditions.

During these years, local history societies and circles appeared in Perm and other cities of the region. But the majority of these circles were led and worked in them by people who had already done a lot in this area before 1917. In essence, they simply continued their work after a break of several years (1918-1919-1920-1921). The break was explained by the fact that during these years there were practically no local historians in Perm. Together with the overwhelming majority of the Perm intelligentsia in June 1919, they were evacuated to Siberia, following the Kolchak troops.
Having returned, trying to adapt to completely new living conditions, these people involuntarily gravitated towards each other, tried to unite and thereby preserve, at least to some extent, their familiar environment. S. O. Schmidt also speaks about this well in his article: “Awareness of the need to preserve cultural monuments rallied everyone who understood their general cultural and historical value, even people of dissimilar socio-political views. Moreover, not accepting or frightened by everything that was happening around, cut off from their usual business and habitual life comforts, some educated intellectuals who were active by nature found the application of their knowledge and cultural skills in this sphere, without sacrificing, in essence, social political principles, as it were, they moved away from active life (in its previous forms) into local history and the sphere of protection of monuments ”.

Of course, one can come to the conclusion that in this way, against their will, local historians "pre-revolutionary hardening" ensured the "golden" Soviet decade. Unfortunately, to date, there are practically no comprehensive, document-based studies of local history activities in these years. Meanwhile, enough documents have survived to clearly understand the conditions in which this activity was carried out.

Let us turn, for example, to the documents of only one archival file in the fund of the Perm District Administrative Department of GAPO (f. R-115: "Case of the Circle for the Study of the Northern Territory at the Perm University").

Much has been written about the activities of the circle, we will not dwell on this here.

Why was the case about the work of the circle opened and preserved in the fund of the administrative department? Beginning with the formation of the circle, officially authorized by the GPU, all its activities took place under the vigilant control of the GPU and the administrative department. The agenda of each meeting without exception was sent first to the administrative department, then forwarded to the GPU, returned with a resolution, and only then was it approved. Each protocol of the meeting, and the most detailed one, also came here and was preserved in the file. It also stores information about the members of the circle - lists were regularly compiled, questionnaires were filled in, reports were written - how many non-party members, how many Komsomol members, etc. The chairman of the circle, PS Bogoslovsky and secretary V. Serebrennikov, compiled, apparently, hundreds of such documents. The act of checking the activities of the circle by the inspector of the branch department is also kept in the file, in which it is reported, in particular, that "the procedure for recruiting members is carried out in strict accordance with paragraph 5 of the Charter ...", etc.

Pavel Stepanovich Bogoslovsky

Unfortunately, it is impossible to list all the documents here, but now everyone can get acquainted with them.

Of course, even under such conditions, local historians managed to achieve really significant results in the 1920s. But it is impossible to take into account the results of their activities, which could have been achieved under normal working conditions.

This state of affairs existed, of course, not only in our region. That is why the term “golden decade” is not appropriate, not correct. Let us cite here the statement of another famous local historian in the 1920s, V.P.Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: “I call the local history movement great because it was a truly selfless general movement of the provincial intelligentsia to save all the numerous monuments from the countless accidents at that time culture both in cities and in rural areas ”.

How can you call the “golden” decade, when devastation and destruction reigned in the country, and local historians united, trying to save the fragments?

Perhaps this is a controversial issue, but one thing is clear: this period of the history of Perm local history has yet to be studied.

During these years, a new Soviet local history was really born, got on its feet, took shape. A completely new phenomenon in the sense in which Soviet literature, Soviet art, etc. were absolutely new. It had its own characteristics, completely different from pre-revolutionary local history. It is impossible to say unequivocally that it was better or worse - it was different. We will not consider its features here - this is a topic for another conversation. Let us just note that the local history literature of the 1920s is now of unconditional interest for historians, local historians, and teachers. The method of studying small towns, the method of local history search, advice to local historians - all this can be safely adopted from the publications of the 1920s.

Concluding the conversation about the loss of local history traditions in the Soviet period, it should be noted that there were exceptions here as well. Such an exception was, for example, the activities of BN Nazarovsky, who worked precisely in accordance with the principles of regional studies listed earlier and that is why he managed to do so much. (See: Citizen of Perm: Collection in memory of B.N.Nazarovsky, journalist and ethnographer.- Perm, 1993).

Boris Nikandrovich Nazarovsky

Ways of reviving the Perm local history traditions.

What are the specific ways to revive local history traditions? What needs to be done in order to raise our local history to a higher quality level, so that it again becomes a phenomenon, a factor in our life?

There must be continuity in our local history work. It is necessary to restore the interrupted "connection of times". For this, it is necessary, first of all, to bring to the attention of the wide reader the local history knowledge that was accumulated by our predecessors. They remain inaccessible even now: the circulation of literature is small, it is difficult to get into the archives. And most importantly, people do not know that this knowledge exists, so there is no demand for it, no interest.

It is important to note: here we are talking not only about pre-revolutionary local history. There are interesting studies of our contemporaries or recently departed local historians - they need to be identified and promoted.

Restoring the continuity of local history activities, it is necessary to think over a program for the education of future local historians or to take part in the implementation of a program already developed by someone, for example, by educational authorities.

For the revival of professionalism in local history activities, it is necessary to provide information, bibliographic and methodological assistance to local historians, to establish a system for providing this assistance.

You can also list more specific, primary tasks facing the Perm ethnographers:

- to organize the work of the regional society "Regional expert of Prikamye", created in March 1990;
- to organize and conduct a methodological meeting of all organizations and institutions of local history profile and solve the problem of coordinating local history work there;
- to think over the possibilities of material and other assistance and support of publishing houses that publish local history literature.

The solution of these problems will help us to begin, finally, close to the revival of the Perm local history traditions.

PERM LOCAL STUDIES began with the works of the first researchers of the Perm region of the 18th century. V.N. Tatishcheva. P. S. Pallas, N. P. Rychkov, I. I. Lepekhin, A. G. Humbolda and others.
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686 - 1750) - Russian statesman, historian, author of "History of the Russian from the most ancient times" and "Lexicon of Russian" - the first Russian encyclopedic dictionary containing Perm material.
The formation of Perm local history dates back to the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries. and is associated with the beginning of the Perm book printing. One of the first publications was NS Popov's "Economic description of the Perm province", published in Perm in 1804 and compiled under the leadership of the governor KF Moderakh. Another "classic" work on Perm local history - "Travel to the cities of Cherdyn and Solikamsk for the search for historical antiquities" by V. N. Berkh (St. Petersburg, 1821)
In the second half of the 19th century. the development of Perm local lore was carried out by the efforts of historians and ethnographers D. D. Smyshlyaev, F. A. Volegov, A. A. Dmitriev, I. Ya. Krivoshchekov, N. A. Rogov, A. E. and F. A. Teploukhovs and others Local history observations and studies were published in the "Perm Collection" (1859-1960); since 1870 - in "Memorable books of the Perm province" and "Calendars of the Perm province". Local history material was regularly published on the pages of "Permskiye gubernskiye vedomosti". In 1888, the Perm Scientific Archive Commission (PUAC) was established in Perm; the well-known local historian VD Shishonko became its first chairman. For the period from 1892 to 1915. 12 issues of "Proceedings of PUAK" were published. In 1899, the "Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography Lovers of the Cherdyn Region" was created, its members collected ethnographic material from the Northern Territory. From 1870 to 1930, the Ural Society of Natural Science Amateurs (with a department of ethnography) operated in Yekaterinburg, which published 40 volumes of "UOLE Notes". Since 1916, the department of Petrograd University has become the center for the study of local lore in Perm, since 1917 - the Perm University. Scientific societies were created at the university - the Circle for the Study of the Northern Territory (KISK), then - the Society for the Study of the Perm Territory. The civil war suspended their activities, but in 1923 KISK resumed its work and operated until 1929. The members of the circle studied the history, ethnography and folklore of the Kama region, developed research methods, formed museum collections, and published scientific works. In 1924 - 1928. 4 issues of the "Perm Regional Studies Collection" were published under the editorship of PS Bogoslovsky with more than 80 articles. In 1925, the Perm Society of Local History (POK) was created. In the early 30s. the activity of local history organizations is noticeably reduced, the publication of local history collections is stopped. By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of June 10, 1937, local history organizations throughout the country were liquidated. Many active participants in the local history movement were arrested and killed. In 1935 P. N. Bogoslovsky was arrested, in 1937 - the former director of the Perm Museum A. S. Lebedev and the famous Perm ethnographer V. N. Trapeznikov. According to modern researchers, 1917 - 1929. were the "golden decade" of Soviet local history.
In the postwar years, the local history movement is gradually recovering, but mainly on a professional basis. New people come to study of local lore. The Perm Museum of Local Lore became the center of regional studies. In 1954, the Kama Region Archeology Museum was opened at the Perm State University. The Perm book publishing house under the leadership of the famous journalist and local historian BN Nazarovsky singles out in its activity the local history direction: almanacs "Prikamye", "Calendars - reference books of the Perm region", a series of books "Wonderful people of Prikamye", etc. are published. In 1963 - 1965 ... was published "History of the Urals" in 2 volumes under the general editorship of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor FS Gorovoy. The authors of the monograph were Perm scientists K. S. Makhanyok, V. V. Mukhin, P. I. Khitrov, V. G. Cheremnykh, F. A. Aleksandrov, I. S. Kaptsugovich, V. P. Krasavin, A. N Fadeev. In 1966, a city voluntary society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments was created in Perm, then a regional one; The Perm branch of VOOPIK is still operating. The work on the creation of folk museums, the development of local history tourism and school local history was intensified. In the 1960s - 1970s. 12 books of the "Cities of the Perm Region" series, three "Guidebooks - a reference book on Perm", etc. were published.
In the early 1980s. in Perm, the city club "Perm Regional Studies" was created. In 1984 the city hosted the "First Regional Historical and Local Lore Readings". In March 1990, the Kama Region Studies Society was established in Perm.
The Perm Museum of Local Lore, the Perm State Art Gallery, the Regional Library named after A.M. Gorky, and regional archives play an important role in the modern study of the Urals. Over the past decade, pre-revolutionary local history publications have been republished and the works of modern researchers have been published - scientists from Perm universities V.V. Abashev, A.M. Belavin, G.P. Golovchansky, M.A.Ivanova, T.A.Kalinina, A.F. Melnichuk, V. V. Mukhina, I. A. Podyukova, G. N. Chagin, A. V. Chernykh and others, dedicated to the history and culture of the Kama region.

T.N. Leporinskaya

Introduction

Geography of the Perm region

Vishersky reserve

Conclusion

List of references

Introduction

To preserve the most significant natural complexes in the Perm region, 2 federal-level reserves, 31 regional reserves, including 5 landscape ones, 1 ornithological, 18 biological (hunting) and 7 biological micro-reserves were created, 189 natural monuments were taken under protection.

The list of protected natural areas and objects of the Perm region includes natural parks, dendrological parks, botanical gardens, natural reserves, historical natural and cultural natural areas and sites, ethnocultural territories, protected landscapes, suburban and green zones, forests, parks and other green plantings of settlements, natural medicinal resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts, rare and endangered species of animals, plants, mushrooms and lichens included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the Red Book of the Middle Urals (within the Perm region).

In total, there are 387 specially protected natural areas in the Perm region, their total area exceeds 1.1 million hectares, which is about 9 percent of the region's territory. The distribution of specially protected areas in the Perm Region is extremely uneven: there are 25 of them in the Krasnovishersky District, 26 in the Solikamsky District, 57 in the Cherdyn District, and one each in the Perm, Vereshchaginsky, Elovsky and Chastinsky Districts.

The legal regime of specially protected natural areas and objects of regional and local significance is regulated by the legislation of the Perm region: the Law of the Perm region "On environmental protection of the Perm region" dated June 20, 1996 and the Law of the Perm region "On the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the Perm region" dated February 20, 1997.

Geography of the Perm region

The Perm Region occupies an area of \u200b\u200b160,236.5 sq. Km on the eastern edge of the Russian Plain and the western slope of the Middle and Northern Urals, at the junction of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. It covers about 1/5 of the territory of the Ural economic region and represents, as it were, the eastern "outpost" of Europe, 99.8% of which belongs to this part of the world and only 0.2% to Asia. The region's territory is almost entirely located in the basin of the Kama River, the largest tributary of the Volga River. The Kama, through a system of canals, provides an outlet by water to five seas (Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic and White). The maximum length of the region from north to south is 645 km, from west to east - 417.5 km. The northernmost point of Prikamye - Mount Pura-Munit (1094 m) on the Ural ridge in the upper reaches of the rivers Khozya, Vishera and Purma - has coordinates 61o 39 "N lat. "s. w). The extreme point in the west is a kilometer northeast of height 236, on the watershed of the Lapyu, Peles, Kazhim rivers at 51o47 "E, in the east is the highest point of the Khoza-Tump ridge, Rakht-Sori-Syakhl mountain (1007 m) under 59o29 "in. The borders are very winding, their length is more than 2, 2 thousand km. The region borders on two regions and three republics of the Russian Federation: in the north with the Komi Republic, in the west with the Kirovka region and Udmurtia, in the south with Bashkiria, in the east with the Sverdlovsk region.

The Perm Region was formed on October 3, 1938 by separation from the Sverdlovsk Region. As of the beginning of 1995, there were 36 administrative districts, 25 cities (including 13 regional subordination), 56 urban-type settlements and 516 village councils in the region.

Specially protected natural areas of the Perm region

As of 2007, there are 375 specially protected natural areas in the Perm region, which occupy about 10% of the region's territory. Of these, 325 are at the regional (oblast) level, 48 are local and 2 are federal.

In 2004, work was practically completed to improve the regulatory framework of existing, specially protected, natural areas (PAs) of regional (regional) significance, and ways of developing the PA system in the region were outlined.

By the decree of the governor of the Perm region of 26.06.2001 No. 163 "On clarification of the status, category, boundaries and regime of protection of specially protected natural areas" changes were made to the characteristics and protection regime of more than 70% of protected areas. Including: the protection regime 228 was established or changed, the boundaries 220 were approved or changed, the categories 130 were changed, the status was removed from 123, the status of 25 SPNAs was changed. The purpose of the changes is to improve the quality of protection and expand the possibility of using protected areas in environmental education activities. As part of the implementation of the decree, 212 passports of protected areas were issued and approved. Taking into account the decree of the governor of the region of 26.06.2001 No. 163 "On clarification of the status, category, boundaries and regime of protection of specially protected natural areas", we can talk about a radical update of the regulatory framework of specially protected natural areas of the Perm region.

The need to make additions and changes to the existing normative legal acts (decisions of the regional administration dated April 28, 1981 No. 81 "On measures to ensure the preservation of wild plants and botanical natural monuments", dated 06/07/88 No. 139 "On measures to ensure the preservation of monuments nature of the Perm region ", dated 12.12.91. No. 285" On granting the status of protected natural areas to objects and landscapes of the Perm region ") is caused by a number of reasons: the inconsistency of the above decisions with the current environmental legislation of the Russian Federation and the Perm region, the lack of approved boundaries and protection regime for 60% of protected areas.

The purpose of these changes is to improve the quality of protection and the possibility of using protected areas in environmental education activities. The current state of the region's protected areas is shown in tables 11.1 and 11.2

The Governor of the Perm Region signed a decree "On land reservation for the organization of specially protected natural areas for 2001-2015" dated 01.08.2001, No. 188, according to which land was reserved for 20 protected areas with an area of \u200b\u200b234.2 thousand hectares. According to this decree, a project has been prepared for organizing the Oslyansky landscape reserve.

In 2001, work began on the restoration of the unique historical and natural complex "Kuzminka" in the village. Ilyinskoe. The park has tree plantations more than a century ago.

In 2002, it is planned to develop projects for the organization of new protected areas on the Chusovaya and Berezovaya rivers, as well as to continue work on the development of protected areas of recreational importance, including the Kuzminki complex.

Table 1

Specially protected natural areas of the Perm region

Specially protected natural territory		Area
	from the area of \u200b\u200bprotected areas	from the area of \u200b\u200bthe region
Federal level:	2	279157, 0	22, 5	2, 19
Nature reserves	2	279157, 0	22, 5	2, 19
Regional (oblast) level:	325	954698, 45	76, 8	7, 5
Reserves:	32	569729, 9	45, 8	4, 5
- landscape	6	129715, 0	10, 4	1, 02
- ornithological	7	122, 9	0, 01	0, 001
- biological, hunting	19	439912, 0	35, 39	3, 45
Natural Monuments:	166	11621, 85	0, 9	0, 1
- complex and landscape	75	5463, 5	0, 44	0, 04
- botanical	36	4436, 5	0, 36	0, 03
- geological	47	608, 95	0, 049	0, 005
- hydrological	7	1112, 9	0, 7	0, 009
- zoological	1	Not defined.	-	-
	33	6161, 7	0, 49	0, 05
Protected natural landscapes	81	364720, 2	29, 3	2, 9
Natural reserves:	12	3900, 9	0, 3	0, 03
- landscape	7	611, 2	0, 049	0, 005
- botanical	5	3289, 7	0, 26	0, 03
Botanical gardens	1	27, 5	0, 002	0, 0002
Local (district, city) level	48	9339, 49	0, 75	0, 07
Natural Monuments	11	6, 58	0, 0005	0, 0001
- landscape	1	0, 28	0, 00002	0, 000002
- geological	10	6, 3	0, 001	0, 0001
Nature reserves	9	3170, 95	0, 26	0, 02
- landscape	3	2363, 4	0, 19	0, 02
- botanical	5	802, 55	0, 06	0, 006
- zoological	1	5, 0	0, 0004	0, 00004
History. - nature. guarded complexes:	3	7, 8	0, 001	0, 0001
-Protected natural landscapes	20	4467, 0	0, 36	0, 04
-Park settlement	4	833, 16	0, 07	0, 007
-Local protection zone	1	854, 0	0, 07	0, 007
Total	1243194, 94	100	9, 8

table 2

Distribution of protected areas in the administrative territories of the region

District, city		Number of protected areas,	SPNA area
	% of the area administrative unit
aleksandrovsk	5513	16	38137, 8	6, 9
Bardymsky district	2382	7	11758, 4	4, 9
berezniki	401, 7	3	3471, 0	8, 6
Berezovsky district	1977	3	283, 6	0, 1
Bolshesosnovsky district	2220	19	22520, 0	10, 1
Vereshchagin district	1621	1	215, 0	0, 1
Gornozavodsky district	7057	16	50871, 3	7, 2
gremyachinsk	1114, 7	3	17778, 5	15, 9
gubakha	1009	12	11152, 5	11, 1
Dobryanskiy district	5192	17	52459, 9	10, 1
Elovsky district	1449	1	689, 0	0, 5
Ilyinsky district	3069	6	5913, 95	1, 9
Karagay region	2394	6	30609, 1	12, 8
kizel	1390	2	8, 1	0, 006
Kishert district	1412	21	20301, 4	14, 4
Krasnovishersky district	15375	23	388641, 0	25, 3
krasnokamsk	958	6	2001, 4	2, 1
Kuedinsky district	2616	4	45128, 2	17, 3
Kungursky district	4416	19	27542, 9	6, 2
Lysvensky district	3695, 9	18	3113, 7	0, 8
Nytvensky district	1656	4	2768, 6	1, 7
Oktyabrsky district	3444	2	12001, 5	3, 5
Orda district	1418	2	3, 0	0, 002
Osinsky district	2057	5	12493, 6	6, 1
Okhansky district	1516	5	32430, 2	21, 4
Ochersky district	1330	13	19262, 5	14, 5
perm	798	8	4251, 86	5, 3
Perm region	3900	1	20, 0	0, 005
Sivinsky district	2517	2	129, 5	0, 05
Solikamsk district	5421	25	51817, 7	9, 6
Suksunsky district	1677	9	8451, 07	5, 04
Uinsky district	1555	8	38738, 0	24, 9
Usolsky district	4666	11	40867, 2	8, 8
Tchaikovsky district	2124	3	29594, 0	13, 9
Chastinsky district	1632	1	No data	-
Cherdynsky district	20872	55	254111, 88	12, 2
Chernushinsky district	1676	4	1065, 0	0, 6
Chusovskoy district	3504, 8	19	2592, 58	0, 7
Total	127336, 5	380	1243194, 94	9, 8

Vishersky reserve

Vishera State Natural Reserve was founded in February 1991. and is located in the extreme north-east of the Perm region. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 241,200 hectares, which is 15.6% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Krasnovishersky district and 1.5% of the region.

The reserve includes a catchment area of \u200b\u200bthe upper reaches of the river. Vishera with tributaries - rivers: Vels, Capelin, Lypya, Niols, Lopya, Khalsoria.

In structural and tectonic terms, the territory of the reserve belongs to the Central Ural uplift, which is represented by Riphean metamorphosed sedimentary complexes, saturated intrusive formations and the West Ural folding zone formed by carbonate complexes of the Paleozoic.

The processes of karst formation are intensely manifested here: karst sinkholes, dry lands, diving rivers. There are also caves, which are quite extensive and have been studied very poorly.

The contrast of rocks in terms of stability and the ongoing processes of mountain building have led to the formation of a sharply dissected mountainous country with elevation differences of 800-1200 m. The maximum height above sea level is 1469.8 m (Mount Tulym).

The climate of the reserve is of the continental boreal type, characterized by moderately warm summers and long cold winters. The average annual air temperature is 2, 00C, the average temperature in January is -19, 00C, in July +15, 00C. The warm season lasts 160-170 days. Average soil temperature +5, 00C. The average annual pressure is about 710.3 mm Hg. Annual precipitation is 1000 mm. Fogs (190-200 days a year), thunderstorms, and snowstorms stand out from special atmospheric phenomena.

The mountain flora of the Visher Urals occupies an intermediate position between the Arctic and boreal flora, similar to the flora of the Polar Urals and Bolshezemelskaya tundra. On the territory of the reserve there are about 528 species of higher vascular plants, of which about two dozen are listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals: Helm's Minuartia, Shiverekiya Podolskaya, Permian anemone, Alpine aster, Venus spotted slipper, Lubka two-leaved, night violet, Rhodiola rosea, peony dodging other. The list of mosses includes about 100 species, the list of lichens - 286, of which 2 are rare.

The fauna of invertebrates is practically not studied. According to estimates for the north-east of the European part, the number of insect species in the reserve is about 8200.

The fauna of vertebrate animals of the reserve has a typical taiga appearance with a joint habitation on the same territory of characteristic European (pine marten, European mink) and Siberian (Siberian salamanders, nutcracker, red vole, sable) species. In some areas, there are inhabitants of open steppe (field harrier, kestrel, common mole) and near-water (great merganser, carrier) spaces; amphibiotic species (grass and sharp-faced frogs, beaver, muskrat, otter) and species characteristic of the tundra zone (white and tundra partridges, arctic fox, reindeer).

The fauna of the reserve is characterized by 3 species of amphibians and reptiles, 6 species of fish, 143 species of birds and 35 species of mammals.

The fish recorded on the territory of the reserve belong to three faunistic complexes - arctic, ponto-caspian and boreal-plain. Most of the species are cold-loving; there are glacial relics. The most numerous and widespread are: river minnow, grayling, less often taimen, sculpin goby.

The avifauna of the reserve is unique, this was the reason for the allocation of this area into a special ornithological district - the Repeisky. A number of nesting, migratory and migratory birds (golden plover, merlin, krustan, garnish, waxwing, bluetail, warbler, shchur, etc.) are characteristic only for the territory of the reserve and are extremely rare in other areas of the Perm region.

On the territory of the reserve there are bird species listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals: black-throated auk, white-fronted goose, whooper swan, osprey, great spotted eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, merlin, eagle owl, sparrow owl, hawk owl, gray owl.

During 2001, the reserve carried out work on the protection of the territory, scientific research, environmental propaganda and education.

During 2001, the department of protection of the reserve detained 8 violators of the reserve regime. Three new cordons began to function (on the Lypya farm, at the mouth of the Listvennichny and Toshemke brooks). Compared to the past years, the number of violations of the reserve regime has decreased.

In the past year, the scientific department carried out winter censuses of commercial mammals; work was carried out to count birds; on the study of lichens and mosses; works in hydrobiology; phenological and meteorological observations were carried out.

In the past year, entomological research was continued at the scientific apiary (the study of the Vichy superrace of bees in order to create an apidological reserve as an integral part of the protected area).

State natural reserve "Basegi"

The State Nature Reserve "Basegi" was organized in 1982 with the aim of preserving and studying the natural complexes of the primary middle taiga massifs of spruce and fir forests located on the slopes of the Basegi ridge (Western spurs of the Ural ridge).

The reserve is located on the territory of the Gornozavodsky and Gremyachinsky districts of the Perm region. Geographic coordinates - 58050`s. sh. and 58030`v. e. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 37 957 hectares, the area of \u200b\u200bthe buffer zone is 21 345 hectares.

The territory of the Basegi Reserve is located within the western macroslope of the Main Ural Range. The central line of the reserve stretches from north to south along the Basega ridge, which looks like well-isolated mountain peaks of Northern Baseg (952 m above sea level), Middle Baseg (994 m) and South Basega (851 m).

The ridge itself is the watershed of the Usva and Vilva rivers (tributaries of the Chusovaya River) and has a well-defined altitudinal zonation, which determines the species composition and characteristics of flora and fauna. The mountain-forest, subalpine, mountain-tundra altitudinal belts are distinguished. The latter, represented by the unique mountain tundra, is the most valuable and most vulnerable natural complex. The reserve includes valuable primary fir-spruce forests, in general, their area is up to 30% of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve. This is one of the preserved natural taiga massifs in the Middle Urals.

The features of low-mountain relief, continental climate and other environmental factors have formed the typical flora and fauna characteristic of this type of middle-taiga landscapes.

On the territory of the reserve, 1214 species of higher and lower plants are described, among them: flowering - 440 species, gymnosperms - 6 species, ferns - 23, lymphatic - 4, horsetail - 6, bryophyte - 230, lichens - 98, mushrooms - 186, algae - 302 species. Among all this variety of plants, more than 50 species are rare, including endemics and relics, and 27 species are included in the red books of various ranks. The animal world is no less diverse. Today there are 47 species of mammals, 182 species of birds, 1 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 16 species of fish, invertebrates - more than a thousand species.

Over the years of the reserve's existence, a system for monitoring the natural environment has developed, which is carried out according to the standard program for maintaining the Chronicle of Nature. The observation system includes components of the natural environment: relief, weather, water, soil, flora and vegetation, fauna and animal world, the calendar of nature, the state of the protected regime and the influence of anthropogenic factors, and others.

2001 was characterized by warm and relatively dry climatic indicators. No large abnormal deviations in the state of the abiotic environment were observed. The state of the living biota, according to the criteria of the number and the nature of the manifestations of vital activity, can be characterized as close to the average long-term norms with small deviations that do not go beyond the average statistical deviations.

There are 10 inspectors in the reserve protection service. In 2001, the Forestry Inspectorate carried out a series of forestry and conservation-regime activities, participated in general registration work. The officers of the department detained 5 violators of the reserve regime, seized one smooth-bore weapon.

In the reporting year, no poaching and capture of large ungulates and predatory animals, rare species of fauna, as well as fires were registered in the protected area and adjacent to its borders.

The scientific department employs 3 permanent researchers and 3 laboratory assistants. During 2001, research workers spent 384 people on field work. day.

Completed work on the creation of cadastral information on rare species of animals and plants of the Gornozavodsky district of the Perm region; preparation of a poster and a brochure for the protected areas of the Gornozavodsky district.

Conclusion

Comprehensive protection of cultural heritage in Russia was first included in the sphere of state regulation only after new political forces came to power in October 1917, proclaiming different principles of state structure, which radically changed the entire state apparatus. In the Perm Territory, the first effective body - the Perm Provincial Section for the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquity - was formed in June 1920. The number of employees then included only 3 instructors. At present, control over the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments is carried out by the Regional Research and Production Center for the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments (OCOP).

There are 2331 monuments (2507 objects) on the state register in the Perm Territory. Work has been organized to restore a number of cultural heritage sites in the Solikamsk and Cherdyn districts of the region, Perm, Osa, Usolye, etc.

Among them are landscape (for example, the White Moss cliffs in the Cherdyn region, Vetlan and the Talking stone in the Krasnovishersky region, the Stone town in the Gremyachinsky region), geological (Gubakhinskaya and Ordinskaya caves) and hydrological natural monuments (Ermakov spring in Cherdyn). As well as protected landscapes (Kapkan-Gora in Chernushka, Kvarkush and Polyudov stone in Krasnovishersk, Adovo Lake in Gainy), zoological (Guselnikovsky in Kishertsky district) and botanical natural reserves (Botanical garden of PSU), botanical natural monuments (Zyukaysky precipice in Karagaysky district , Veslyansky bor-heather in Gainy), historical and natural complexes (Grafsky bor in Khertsky district, Kuvinsky bor in Kudymkarsky district, Kungur ice cave and Ice Mountain).

A special protection regime will be established on the territory of these natural monuments. For example, construction, logging (with the exception of sanitary), disposal of industrial and household waste, geological exploration, which can lead to disturbance of soil and vegetation cover, and animal habitat will be prohibited. At the same time, visits to these areas for recreational and educational purposes will not be prohibited. The boundaries of specially protected areas have been defined for most of the objects. For all natural monuments, the regional ministry of urban planning and infrastructure development must issue security obligations and passports during the current year.

List of references

1. Animitsa E.G. The cities of the Middle Urals. Past present Future. - Sverdlovsk, 2008.

2. Dmitriev A. Essays from the history of the provincial city of Perm from the foundation of the settlement to 1845. - Perm, 1889.

3. Dmitriev A. Perm antiquity: Sat. history. and stat. mat. mainly about the Perm region. Issue 2: Great Perm in the 17th century. - Perm, 1890.

4. Zalkind I.E. and Nechaev Y.A. Limestone, dolomite and gypsum in the Perm region. - Perm, 2008.

5. Permyak E. My land. - M., 2004.

The collection includes publications published in the Vyatka province - Kirov region in the 19th - 20th centuries. It contains over 30 thousand documents. Combines books, periodicals and continuing publications, geographical maps, postcards, and other illustrative materials.

Cultural heritage of the Kama region Is an Internet project dedicated to the problems of preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the Perm Territory, and not only. In addition to information about the monuments, soon you will find here biographies of famous Perm inhabitants, get acquainted with the latest local history literature, learn a lot of interesting things about the activities of regional cultural institutions - theaters, museums, libraries, creative groups and individual authors.

Literary travels across Perm. The site is dedicated to the places of the city of Perm that are associated with literature.

"Ural Land ..." is an encyclopedia in miniature. Here you will find information about the nature, geology, geography, culture and art of the Kama region from ancient times to the present day.

"OUR URAL" - this local history project is dedicated to the Urals: its wonderful nature, rich history, riddles and secrets exciting the imagination, great compatriots and much, much more.

Perm State Art Gallery - Regional Art Museum of Russia. The collections comprise about 50,000 works of art from ancient times to the present, representing various types of art.

Perm chronicle - a site dedicated to the most interesting and practically unknown history of the Perm region.

Perm Electronic Library - a project of the Perm Regional Library named after A.M. Gorky launched in May 2015. The resource offers to get acquainted with digital copies of books stored in the funds of both the library and other book collections of various institutions, including those from the personal collections of Perm collectors.

Perm State Archives of Contemporary History - the archive contains documents that reflect all periods in the history of the Kama region of the XX and early XXI centuries: from documents of party, Komsomol and trade union building to documents related to political repression. Also, the archive contains more than a hundred personal funds and collections of documents of personal origin.

Perm animal style - the resource is entirely devoted to the Permian animal style (CCD). Despite a century of study history, the Permian animal style still remains one of the most mysterious cultural phenomena of Eurasia. This is due to the lack of writing in the civilization of its creators and the lack of historical evidence about the Kama region during the heyday of the animal style.

Perm Museum of Local Lore - the oldest and largest museum of the Perm region. It has 600,000 items of storage and includes more than 50 collections of regional, Russian and world significance, among the objects of the museum there are 22 monuments of history and culture, of which 16 are monuments of federal significance and 6 are local ones.

Perm Territory: History on the Screen is a half century long film chronicle of Perm. The video archive makes it possible to plunge into the atmosphere of the cultural life of the past decades and restore the sensations from favorite, but now forgotten, concerts and performances, replenish knowledge about the historical and national-cultural heritage of the region.

Perm Museum of Contemporary Art - the State Museum of Contemporary Art, established in Perm in 2009.

Perm regional server. Server sections cover almost all aspects of the region's life: history, culture and education, religion, business, politics, tourism, sports, media. Materials of the governor's press service, reference books, etc.

Writers of the Ural land - the project of the Centralized system of children's and school libraries in Ozersk and Chelyabinsk regional children's libraries for schoolchildren of grades 1-9.

The nature of the Perm region - the official site contains information on the environmental situation in the Perm region. Specially protected natural areas of the Perm region of regional and local importance. Red Book of the Perm Territory.

Uraloved - news and articles about the most important and interesting; many directions: a guide to attractions, history, archival documents, old photographs, the living world and ecology of the Urals, outstanding Uralians, works of Ural writers, etc .; the territory under consideration is the entire Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan, Tyumen regions, Perm Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and also partially Komi, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug);

Ural Library: The best articles and books about the Urals - on the site you can read many articles and books about our amazing places and people.

Encyclopedia "Perm Territory". In terms of the volume of collected materials about the Perm Territory, the encyclopedia has no analogues and is of interest to everyone who is interested in the richest historical and cultural heritage of the region. The encyclopedia includes articles about regions and settlements of the region, materials on history, art, culture and nature. Particular attention is paid to the biographies of famous Perm citizens who have contributed to the development of our region, its economy, science, culture.

Explanatory note

The upbringing of a citizen who loves his homeland cannot do without studying his native land. Love for the native land, knowledge of its history, culture, traditions - this is the basis on which the growth of the spiritual culture of the entire society is carried out. The promotion of local history is becoming a necessity in the modern school. The participation of schoolchildren in local history activities raises the level of their self-awareness, develops artistic taste, aesthetic appreciation, fosters respect for the culture and history of their people, a sense of gratitude for the older generation, creates opportunities for students' self-realization in the process of this socially useful, exciting, noble work.

In the new educational standards, spiritual, moral and civil-patriotic education is given a special role, and the state pays special attention to civil-patriotic work with the younger generation.

This program is aimed at fostering patriotism among the younger generation of the Perm Territory and meets the objectives defined in the new educational standards, the Concept of Spiritual and Moral Development and Education of the Citizen of the Russian Federation and the draft State Program Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2016-2020.

The program "My Perm Territory" is compiled for students of the 5th grade of secondary schools and is supported by the textbook of the same name, published by the publishing house "Book World" in 2015.

The objectives of the program: to educate a citizen of Russia, a patriot of his small homeland, who knows and loves his land, city, village (its traditions, monuments of nature, history and culture) and who wants to take an active part in its development.

The content of the program assumes the solution of the following tasks:

Educational:

To form students' ideas about the historical past and present of our region; about personalities who have left a noticeable mark in history; on the contribution made by compatriots to the historical and cultural heritage of the city, region, country;

To instill in schoolchildren the skills and abilities of search activity: to teach to observe and describe facts, to systematize the collected material, to draw up it;

Developing:

To develop communication skills and abilities in the process of communication, teach to work in groups, coordinate activities, teach analysis and introspection:

Expand the historical horizons of students;

Educational:

Promote the awakening of interest and respect for the historical, cultural and natural values \u200b\u200bof the region;

To cultivate the ability to build positive interpersonal relationships with the surrounding society;

To contribute to the formation of a socially active, moral personality with civic consciousness.

Planned results of mastering the program:

Personal results

Mastering national values, traditions, culture of the native land;

Orientation in the system of moral norms and values;

Basics of socially critical thinking, orientation in the peculiarities of social relations and interactions, the establishment of the relationship between social and political events;

Consciousness, recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations.

Communicative results

Ability to take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate different positions in cooperation;

Ability to formulate one's own opinion and position, argue and coordinate it with the positions of partners in cooperation in developing a common solution in joint activities;

Ability to establish and compare different points of view before making decisions and making choices;

Ability to argue your point of view, argue and defend your position in a way that is not hostile to opponents;

Ability to ask questions necessary for organizing your own activities and cooperation with a partner;

Ability to adequately use speech for planning and regulating one's activities;

Ability to work in a group - to establish working relationships, collaborate effectively and promote productive cooperation; integrate into a peer group and build productive interaction with peers and adults.

Cognitive results

Basics of the implementation of design and research activities;

Observation under the guidance of a teacher;

Implementation of an advanced search for information using the resources of libraries and the Internet;

Basics of introductory, creative, assimilative, and critical reading.

Regulatory Results:

Goal-setting as a formulation of an educational task based on the correlation of what is already known and assimilated by the students and what is still unknown;

Planning - determining the sequence of intermediate goals, taking into account the final result; drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;

Forecasting - anticipating the result and the level of assimilation, its temporal characteristics;

Control in the form of comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard in order to detect deviations and differences from the standard;

Correction - making the necessary additions and adjustments to the plan and method of action in the event of a discrepancy between the standard, real action and its product;

Evaluation - the allocation and awareness by students of what has already been mastered and what is still subject to assimilation, awareness of the quality and level of assimilation;

Volitional self-regulation as the ability to mobilize strength and energy; the ability to volitional effort - to make a choice in a situation of motivational conflict and to overcome obstacles.

The program involves the organization of interaction with institutions (archives, museums, exhibition halls) and individuals (local historians, collectors), as well as the use of domestic tourism resources.

Content of the program

Introduction (1 hour).

Inclusion in a new section of knowledge, the connection of this course with the study of other courses and educational areas, the inseparability of the history of the region from the history of Russia and other countries. Acquaintance with the course, textbook, its features, rules for using it.

Topic 1. Ancient Kama region. (5:00).

The task of the topic: the formation of an understanding of the historical roots of the region, the peculiarities of its settlement, the uniqueness of its culture. Acquaintance with the peculiarities of the history and life of the indigenous population of the Kama region, their culture, traditions, way of life.

Basic concepts and terms: archeology and archaeological site, chronology, Permian period, geology, geological era, Stone Age, Cro-Magnon, Written Stone, Iron Age, Permian animal style, metallurgy, sacred animal, Khanty, Mansi, Permian Komi, toponymy, sanctuary, legend, legend, Parma, utensils, ethnography, chronicle, canonization, bishop, baptism, Christianity, paganism, amulets, Perm gods (wooden sculpture).

Persons: Roderick Impi Murchison, Stefan Velikopermsky (Perm).

Let's see through the eyes of a historian. What science studies history, auxiliary historical sciences, why history cannot be corrected or written. Who are historians. Account of years in history (chronology). History of the people, history of the region.

Permian period. Geology is an assistant to history. Geological periods. Permian period and the role of R.I. Murchison at its opening. Permian lizards.

Stone Age Prikamye. The appearance of the region in ancient times. Discovery of primitive human settlements on the territory of the Kama region. Archaeological monuments on the territory of the Kama region, their protection. The life of ancient people in the Kama region.

Ages of metals. The transition from the Stone Age to the age of metals, the improvement of hunting and farming tools. Who are miracles. The concept of the Permian animal style. Creation time of Perm animal style items. The reasons for its appearance. Legends and tales associated with the most common sacred animals in the Kama region. Written stone and other Ural writings

Who lives, he gives names. The concept of toponymy. The origin of the word "Perm". The peoples who inhabited the Kama region in antiquity and are living here at the present time. The development of the Ural lands by the Russians. The transition from pagan faith to Christianity. The role of Stephen Velikopermsky in the Christianization of the Kama region. Perm wooden sculpture.

Topic 2. Capital Relay (6 hours)

The task of the topic: acquaintance with the historical facts of the emergence and development of historical cities of the Perm land, at different times the former regional capital of the Kama region.

Basic concepts and terms: fortress, fortress, settlement, estate, kremlin, settlement, posad, cathedral, barn, architecture, city-monument, crafts and artisans, raids, salt trade, patrimony, icon painting, chieftain, khanate, chronicler and chronicle, tent, rock salt, magnesium, botanical garden, greenhouse. taxonomy, Turkic peoples, tract. charity, merchants, guild, guest house, selenite, stone-cutting art, stalactite, stalagmite, settlement plant, spelled, peasant war, diorama, meteorite, coat of arms, heraldry, etc.

Persons: Stroganovs, Demidovs, Artemy Babinov, Ivan IV (Terrible). The Romanovs, Peter I, Ermak, Khan Kuchum, K. Ryleev, Paul I, the Kalinikov brothers, Golitsyn, A. Voronikhin, M. Gribushin, A. Gubkin, K. Khlebnikov and A. Khlebnikov, V. Tatishchev, S. Remezov, E. Pugachev, V. Bering, D. Mendeleev, V. N. Tatishchev, Peter I, Catherine II, Alexander I, N. V. Meshkov, I.I. Sviyazev, K.F. Moderakh, Diaghilevs, Lyubimovs, A.S. Popov, N.G. Slavyanov, I. Lem, N. Vorontsov and others.

Cherdyn. The most ancient city of Prikamye The history of its foundation. Stone architecture of Cherdyn. The city is a monument and its protection. Nyrob and its role in Russian history. Nyrob prisoner.

Solikamsk. Foundation of the city. Its significance in the history of Russia and the Kama region. The role of industrialists Demidovs in the development of the city and region. Architecture. Modern Solikamsk. The city is a monument and its protection. Ermak and his role in the development of the Urals and Siberia.

Usolye and salt mines. The Stroganov family and the history of Usolye. Architecture. Naryshkin Baroque. A. Voronikhin.

Kungur. Foundation of Kungur - a large shopping center of the Kama region. Kungur fair. merchants Gribushin and Gubkin and their contribution to the development of the city. Culture and art. Famous inhabitants of Kungur. The Kungur Ice Cave is a natural monument of world importance.

Foundation of Perm. Egoshikhinsky plant was founded. The role of V.N. Tatishchev in the development of the wealth of the Ural lands. The first buildings in Perm.

1780 - the Yegoshikhinsky plant was renamed into the city of Perm. 1781 - formation of the Perm province. The first streets and stone buildings of Perm. 19th century town planning and architecture. Governors of Prikamye, who left their mark on history.

Provincial city of Perm. Features of building and development of the provincial city. Perm architecture. F.Kh. The grail and its activities. Perm University.

Wonderful inhabitants of Perm. Princes Makutov. Famous inventors - natives of the Kama region: A.S. Popov, N.G. Slavyanov, N.V. Vorontsov. Steamers I.I.Lyubimov and N.V. Meshkov. D.D. Smyshlyaev. Diaghilevs. Famous guests of Perm.

Topic 3. Komi-Permyak district (1 hour)

Objective of the topic: acquaintance with the Komi-Permyak district as an integral part of the Perm region.

Basic concepts and terms: Kudymkar, historical buildings and constructions, Permian Komi and Permian Komi epic. Kudym-Osh.

Persons: Stroganovs, P.I. Subbotin-Permyak.

Topic 4. Ancient towns and villages of the Kama region.

The task of the topic: acquaintance with the historical cities of the Kama region, their features, architecture, life. The role of small towns in the history of the region and Russia.

Personalities: Stroganovs, Demidovs, Lazarevs. Savva Morozov. Diaghilevs.

Wasp. Foundation of the city. Osa is an old merchant town. The capture of the Osa fortress by E. Pugachev and a historical memorial dedicated to this event. Architecture and its protection. Vitus Bering and Wasp.

Okhansk. Foundation of the city. Merchant Okhansk and its features. The path of the great people of Russia through Okhansk. Okhansk meteorite.

Ilyinsky. Management center of the Stroganov patrimony. Ilyinsky's self-supporting culture. Artifacts of the Ilyinsky Museum. Pozhvinskaya painting (Ural rose) in the museum collection. Kuzminka forest park.

Ocher. History of origin. Monuments of history and architecture. Yezhovsky paleontological monument.

Dobryanka. Sights of the city, cultural life of the plant, modern life of Dobryanka.

Chermoz. Lazarevs in the Kama region. Cultural and historical monuments of Chermoz.

Nytva. Cultural and historical monuments of Nytva. Nytvenskaya spoon.

Lysva. Princes Shakhovski and Shuvalov in the Kama region. Lysva helmet.

Pozhva. Pozhvensky factories, their products. Steamship maintenance in the Kama region.

Suksun. Sights of Suksun. Suksun samovar.

Eagle. The role of the town in the development of the Urals and Siberia. Prikamsk tiles.

Kyn Factory. Archaeological and cultural monuments.

Pavlovsky. P.A. Stroganov.

Horde. Stone-cutting business in the Kama region.

Vsevolodo-Vilva. Factory and estate. The role of Vsevolodo-Vilva in the cultural life of the Kama region.

Bikbarda is the family estate of the Diaghilevs.

Pyskor as the first residence of the Stroganovs in the Kama region.

Topic 5. Mining and development of the Kama region. (1 hour)

The task of the topic: to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe city-factory.

Basic concepts and terms: city-factory, artisans, self-taught inventor.

City-plants as the basis of the metallurgical industry in the Kama region. Plant device. Factory workers. Life and everyday life of a factory settlement.

Topic 6. New towns of the Kama region. (3 hours)

The task of the topic: acquaintance with the new cities of the Kama region, their features, architecture, life. New industries of the Kama region.

Basic concepts and terms: plant, chemical industry, oil industry, timber and pulp and paper industry, hydropower.

Persons: S.S. Govorukhin.

Berezniki. Bereznikovsky Chemical Combine. S.S. Govorukhin.

Krasnokamsk. Krasnokamsk Pulp and Paper Mill.

Chaikovsky. Votkinskaya HPP.

Topic 7. Kama region during the war years (2 hours)

The task of the topic: acquaintance with the heroes of the wars, the formation of the image of the defender of the Motherland.

Basic concepts and terms: heroism, patriotism, defense of the Motherland.

Persons: Y. Berglin, N. Trukhin, A. Stabrovsky, T. Baramzina, A. Pokryshkin and others.

Heroes of the war of 1812. Heroes of the Russian-Turkish wars. Heroes of the First World War. Heroes of the Great Patriotic War.

Prikamye during the Great Patriotic War.

Topic 8. Literary Prikamye.

The task of the topic: acquaintance with the literary heritage of the Kama region.

Basic concepts and terms: writer, poet.

Persons: A. Popov, M. Osorgin, D. Mamin-Sibiryak, P. Bazhov, A. Chekhov, B. Pasternak, V. Ivanov, V. Astafiev, O. Volkonskaya, O. Selyankin, L. Yuzefovich, A. Korolev, V. Vorobiev, L. Davydychev, L. Kuzmin.

Literary space of the Kama region.

Children's writers and their works.

Academic-thematic plan

Methods of monitoring and assessing the educational achievements of students.

Assessment personal results in the current educational process is based on the student's compliance with the following requirements:

Compliance with the norms and rules of conduct adopted in the educational institution;

Participation in the public life of an educational institution and the closest social environment, socially useful activities;

Diligence and responsibility for learning outcomes;

Willingness and ability to make an informed choice of their educational trajectory;

The presence of a positive value-semantic attitude of the student, formed by the means of a specific subject.

Evaluationmeta-subject results are carried out in the following positions:

The ability and readiness of the student to master knowledge, independently replenish it, transfer and integrate;

Ability for collaboration and communication;

Ability to solve personally and socially significant problems and translate the solutions found into practice;

Ability and willingness to use ICTs for learning and development;

The ability for self-organization, self-regulation and reflection.

Assessment of student achievementmeta-subject results can be carried out based on the results of the verification work, within the framework of the system of current, thematic and intermediate assessment, as well as intermediate certification. The main procedure for the final assessment of the achievement of metasubject results is the protection of the final individual project.

The main object of assessing subject results is the student's ability to solve educational-cognitive and educational-practical tasks on the basis of the studied educational material. The types of control of educational achievements in the subject: oral questioning, test, self-examination, mutual examination, independent work, terminological dictation, vocabulary work, test work, work on cards, solving problems, crosswords, etc.

Norms for assessing knowledge for the oral answer of students in social studies

1. Verbal answer.

Grade "5" is given if the student:

1. Shows deep and complete knowledge and understanding of the entire volume of program material; full understanding of the essence of the concepts under consideration, phenomena and patterns, theories, relationships;

2. Knows how to compose a complete and correct answer based on the material studied; highlight the main provisions, independently confirm the answer with specific examples, facts; independently and reasonedly make analysis, generalizations, conclusions. Establish inter-subject (based on previously acquired knowledge) and intra-subject connections, creatively apply the acquired knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. Consistently, clearly, coherently, reasonably and accurately present educational material; give an answer in a logical sequence using the accepted terminology; draw your own conclusions; formulate an accurate definition and interpretation of basic concepts, laws, theories; when answering, do not repeat the text of the textbook verbatim; present material in literary language; correctly and thoroughly answer additional questions from the teacher. Independently and efficiently use visual aids, reference materials, textbooks, additional literature, primary sources; apply a convention of notation when keeping records accompanying the response; use to prove conclusions from observations and experiments;

3. Independently, confidently and accurately applies the acquired knowledge in solving problems at a creative level; admits no more than one defect, which can be easily corrected at the request of the teacher; has the necessary skills to work with devices, drawings, diagrams and graphs accompanying the answer; the records accompanying the response meet the requirements.

Grade "4" is given if the student:

1. Shows knowledge of all studied program material. Gives a complete and correct answer based on the theories studied; minor errors and shortcomings in reproducing the studied material, definitions of concepts gave incomplete, minor inaccuracies when using scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations from observations and experiments; the material is presented in a certain logical sequence, while making one serious mistake or no more than two shortcomings and can correct them independently upon request or with a little help from the teacher; basically mastered educational material; confirms the answer with specific examples; correctly answers additional questions of the teacher.

2. Knows how to independently highlight the main provisions in the material studied; based on facts and examples, generalize, draw conclusions, establish intra-subject connections. Apply the knowledge gained in practice in a modified situation, observe the basic rules of the culture of oral speech and accompanying writing, use scientific terms;

3. Does not have sufficient skill to work with reference books, textbooks, primary sources (he is correctly oriented, but works slowly). Allows gross violations of the rules for the execution of written works.

Grade "3" is given if the student:

1) has mastered the main content of the educational material, has gaps in the assimilation of the material, which do not impede the further assimilation of the program material;

2) the material is presented unsystematized, fragmentary, not always consistently;

3) shows insufficient formation of certain knowledge and skills; arguments and generalizations weakly, makes mistakes in them.

4) made mistakes and inaccuracies in the use of scientific terminology, definitions of concepts were not clear enough;

5) did not use conclusions and generalizations from observations, facts, experiments as evidence or made mistakes in their presentation;

6) has difficulty in applying the knowledge necessary to solve problems of various types, when explaining specific phenomena on the basis of theories and laws, or in confirming specific examples of the practical application of theories;

7) answers incompletely to the teacher's questions (omitting the main thing), or reproduces the content of the text of the textbook, but does not sufficiently understand certain provisions that are important in this text;

8) reveals an insufficient understanding of certain provisions when reproducing the text of the textbook (notes, primary sources) or answers incompletely to the teacher's questions, making one or two gross errors.

Grade "2" is given if the student:

1) did not learn and did not disclose the main content of the material;

2) does not draw conclusions and generalizations.

3) does not know and does not understand a significant or main part of the program material within the set questions;

4) has poorly formed and incomplete knowledge and does not know how to apply it to solving specific issues and tasks according to the model;

5) when answering (for one question) makes more than two gross mistakes that cannot be corrected even with the help of a teacher.

Grade "1" is given if the student:

1) cannot answer any of the questions posed;

2) did not fully master the material.

Norms for assessing knowledge for the test

Norms for assessing knowledge for creative work of students

Mark /

general information

The subject matter is not obvious. Information is not accurate or not given.

The information is partially presented. Only one resource was used in the work.

Sufficiently accurate information. More than one resource used.

This information is concise and clear.

More than one resource used.

Topic

The topic of the lesson is not disclosed and not clear. The explanations are incorrect, confusing, or incorrect.

The topic is partially disclosed. Some material is presented incorrectly.

The material is clearly stated.

The topic of the lesson is formulated and disclosed.

The main aspects are fully stated

lesson topics.

Application and problems

The scope of this theme has not been defined. The decision process is imprecise or incorrect.

Reflected some areas of application of the theme. The solution process is incomplete.

Areas of application of the theme are reflected. The solution process is almost complete.

Areas of application of the theme are reflected.

The strategy of problem solving is stated.

Calendar-thematic planning grade 5

Topic

Number of hours

Date according to plan

Date after the fact

Introduction: Let's see through the eyes of a historian

11.09

11.09

Permian period

18.09

18.09

Stone Age Prikamye

25.09

Ages of metals

2.10

Who lives, he gives names

9.10

Cherdyn. Solikamsk Usolye Kungur

16.10

Foundation of Perm

23.10

8-9

Provincial city of Perm

30.10-13.11

Komi-Permyak district

20.11

Ancient towns and villages of Prikamye

27.11

Mining and development of the Kama region

4.12

New towns of Prikamye

11.12

Heroes of the war of 1812. Heroes of the first world war

18.12

Prikamye during the Great Patriotic War

25.12

Prikamye - literary

15.01

Final lesson "My Perm Territory"

22.12

Educational-methodical means

1. N.P. Gorbatsevich, D.M. Sof'in, O. V. Vlasova, D.A. Kormilin. My Perm Territory. Pages of distant and close times. - Perm, "Book World", 2015

TV and educational films on the history of the Kama region

"Permian period of Roderick Murchison"

“An invention for centuries. N.G. Slavyanov "" Great Perm ". Educational-methodical film in 4 parts. Ministry of Education of the Perm Territory, 2008.

"Permian. History in faces ”. Educational-methodical film in 4 parts, 2006

1. Bader O. N., Oborin V. A. At the dawn of the history of the Kama region. Perm, 1958.

2. Belavin A.M., Nechaev M.G. Provincial Perm. Perm, 1996.

3. Bordinskikh G.A. Legends and traditions of the Solikamsk land. Solikamsk, 2006.

4. Bubnov E. Russian folk architecture of the Urals. - M., 1988

5. Verkholantsev V.S. The city of Perm, its past and present. Perm, 1994.

6. Vesnovsky V.A. Historical monuments in the Perm province. Perm, 1915.

7. Vishnevsky B.N. Traveler Kirill Khlebnikov. Perm, 1957.

8. Vlasova OM Artist P.I.Subbotin-Permyak. Perm, 1990.

9. Voevodin L.E. 45 old folk songs in factories of the Perm province. Perm, 1905.

10. Voevodin L.Ye. The reigning House of the Romanovs and the Perm Territory // Proceedings of the Perm Provincial Scientific Archival Commission. Issue XI. Perm, 1914.

11. Volkonskaya O.A. Perm mountain ash. Perm, 1966.

12. Golovchansky G.P., Melnichuk A.F. Stroganov towns, prison, villages. Perm, 2005.

13. Gorovoy F.S. About the date of foundation of the city of Perm. (To the question of the dates of the founding of cities as historical monuments) // Ural Archeographic Yearbook for 1970. Perm, 1971.

14. Grimm G. Architect Voronikhin.- M.-L., 1963

15. Dmitriev A.A. Historical sketch of the Perm region. Perm, 1896.

16. Dmitriev A.A. Essays on the history of the provincial city of Perm from the founding of the settlement to 1845 with the attachment of the chronicle of the city of Perm from 1845 to 1890. Perm, 1889.

17. Dmitriev A.A. Perm antiquity. Issue I – VIII. Perm, 1889-1900.

18. Zolotov E.D. The city of Kungur in 1774 during the Pugachev rebellion: materials on the history of the city // Zolotov E.D. Pain of the Soul: Chosen One. Kungur, 2002.

19. Golden Stars of the Kama region. Perm, 1975.

20. History of the Urals: in 2 volumes / under total. ed. I. S. Kaptsugovich. Perm, 1976-1977.

21. History of the Urals: in 2 volumes / under total. ed. F.S. Gorovoy. Perm, 1963-1965.

22. Kaptsugovich I. Stories for reading on the history of the Kama region. - Perm, 1984

23. Klimov V.V., Chagin G.N. All year round holidays, rituals and customs of the Permian Komi. Kudymkar, 2005.

24. Korchagin P.A. Provincial capital of Perm. Perm, 2006.

25. Krivoshchekov I.Ya. Materials for the history of the village of Kudymkor in the Solikamsk district of the Perm province. Perm, 1894.

26. Krivoshchekova-Gantman A. Geographical names of the Upper Kama region. - Perm, 1983

27. Kupkel A. Pages of Permian architecture. - Perm, 1999

28. Lisovsky V. Andrey Voronikhin. - L., 1971

29. Lobanov D.A., Oshchepkov L.G. History of the 194th Troitsko-Sergievsky Infantry Regiment. Perm, 2006.

30. Lunegov I. Ancient Cherdyn. - Perm, 1969

31. Mezenina T.G., Mosin A.G., Mudrova N.A., Neklyudov E.G. The Stroganov family. Yekaterinburg, 2007.

32. V. V. Mukhin. Ermak Timofeevich. Perm, 1957.

33. Myalitsyn I.A. The tanks were led by Alekseev. Perm, 1978.

34. Neklyudov E.G., Popova-Yatskevich E.G. The Lazarev family. Yekaterinburg, 2013.

35. Oborin V., Chagin G. Chud antiquities of Riphean. - Perm, 1989

36. Pereskokov L.V .; A. Marchenko, archpriest; V.V. Koroleva Orthodox monasteries and temples in Perm. Perm, 2013.

37. The feat of the Perm tankers. Perm, 1971.

38. Popov E., archpriest. Saint Stephen of Great Perm. Perm, 1885.

39. Savich A.A. The past of the Urals: historical essays. Perm, 1925.

40. Serebrennikov N.N. Perm wooden sculpture. Perm, 1967.

41. Smyshlyaev D.D. Collection of articles about the Perm province. Perm, 1891.

42. Speshilova E.A. Old Perm: Houses. Streets. People. 1723-1917. Perm, 1999.

43. Teploukhov F.A. Antiquities of the Permian Chudi made of silver and gold and its trade routes. Perm, 1895.

44. Terekhin A. Architecture of the Kama region. - Perm, 1970

45. Tynyanov Yu.N. Citizen Ocher. Ural heritage. Perm, 1990.

46. \u200b\u200bUngvitsky V.N. Culture of the Urals during the Great Patriotic War. Perm, 1994.

47. Filatov S.V., Ardashov V.P. Heraldry of Perm: a silver bear on a red field. Perm, 2008.

48. Fomichev M.G. The path began from the Urals. M., 1976.

49. Chagin G. Cherdyn. - Perm, 1972

50. Chagin G.N. The cities of Perm, Velikaya Cherdyn and Solikamsk. Perm, 2003.

51. Chagin G.N., Shilov A.V. County provinces Kungur, Osa, Okhansk. Perm, 2007.

52. Schwartz A. Academician of architecture I.I. Sviyazev. - Perm, 1959

53. Shishonko V.N. Perm Chronicle. Periods 1-5. Perm, 1881-1899.

54. Shustov S.G. The Perm estate of the Stroganov counts in the first half of the 19th century. Perm, 2006.

55. Yuzefovich L. Rudoznattsy. Perm, 1987.

56. Yuzefovich L.A. Cast iron lamb; Kazarosa. Perm, 2008.

57. Yakuntsov I.A. Ural during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 Perm, 1997.