What race do Greeks belong to? Origin of the Greek people. As a conclusion

27.08.2020

on Tue, 16/12/2008

Starting to publish chapters from the book Anthropological History of Civilizations. Northern Caucasians in World History, I found myself puzzled by the problem of how to reveal the problem of the book to the general reader, without plunging into the depths of specific branches of science, inaccessible without special training. In the original book, its entire first part is devoted to the consideration of issues of physical anthropology and racology, and only after explaining the terminology and problems of the work to the reader, the transition to the history of human civilizations followed, in the development of which representatives of the northern European race played the main role.

In the publication of individual chapters, the first part of the book would become redundant and would only complicate understanding. Therefore, in this introduction to a series of articles presented by chapters from my book, I want to briefly outline what exactly the goals I pursued when I worked on the text of the book. First of all, I wanted to rehabilitate the terms "Aryans" and "Aryan" for the scientific community. Derived from the everyday life of scientists due to the political factor, these terms have become excessively narrowed and turned into the designation of peoples (and their languages) directly related to those Indo-European tribes who conquered India and settled in Persia.

I believe that it is necessary to return these terms to their original - correct interpretation. The Aryans are not only and not so much Iranian tribes as a huge community of the most ancient civilization of the northern Caucasians, the first civilization on earth, whose civilization we will feel throughout the world from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Wherever a great civilization arose, at its origins were representatives of the northern Caucasians (Baltids and Nordids) belonging to the large Euproeoid race.

Hence the second task arises - to show the history of civilizations through racial issues. After all, as a rule, our contemporary has a very vague idea of \u200b\u200bwhich civilization was created by which race, which races participated in their creation, which made up the majority of the population, and which were at enmity. At best, there will be mentions in the books that the creators of this or that civilization belonged to the great white or yellow races, but this is the maximum information that a person can learn if you do not delve into research too seriously.

And, finally, the third task that I set myself is the study of those signs on the basis of which we can talk about the Aryan community, about how the northern European peoples manifested themselves in various historical conditions, which allows us to say that the commonality of the Aryan nations existed for millennia back and still exists. After all, all civilizations created by the northern Caucasians - the Aryans had a number of common features that manifested themselves regardless of whether it was the 3rd millennium BC. or the 1st millennium A.D.

I hope I was able to solve these problems to the best of my ability. I very much hope that my research will be useful for everyone who is interested in the history of not only their state, but also their people, their race, who are looking for a trace of the past going back centuries and millennia. We have something to remember and something to tell, therefore - we begin this publication, and we begin it with the history of civilization and people, about which, it would seem, we know, if not everything, then a lot - from Ancient Greece.

Greek civilization
The white race in Greece. Racial characteristics. Reflection of racial character in Greek mythology. The invasion of the Achaeans. Dorian invasion.

The history of Greek civilization begins at the turn of the III-II millennium, when the Achaeans, a people belonging to the Aryan peoples, came to the Greek land from the north. Before the conquest of Greece by the Achaeans, there were not Aryan tribes who spoke a non-Indo-European language on its territory. Greek legends have brought to us the memory of the most ancient inhabitants of Greece - the Carians, Luwians and others. It was these peoples that created the early Minoan civilization, which is typologically similar to other civilizations of the Ancient East - Egypt, the civilization of Mesopotamia and Ancient India. The pre-Greek tribes were not also North European, referring to the southern branch of the Caucasian race. It is possible to assume a connection between the Early Minoan period and the archaeological culture of Vinca (also due to geographic proximity). This is confirmed by the fact that “during the period known to us as the Early Minoan, 3300-2200 BC, the number of brachycephals on the island (Crete) increased greatly, and some Minoan rulers of later times clearly belonged to the Anatolian type. ... In the development of culture, a certain continuity can be traced up to the arrival of the Achaeans around 1250 BC. Non-Indo-European elements characterize Minoan culture as a whole. Therefore, we have no reason to believe that it was created by the Indo-Europeans. "

But among the Asian peoples of the Carians and Luwians, we meet the Pelasgians, who were undoubtedly a northern people who came to Greece before the Achaeans and created the civilization of the Minoan era. In the Iliad and Odyssey, the Pelasgians are mentioned in connection with Crete and Troy, but the Greeks distinguished the Pelasgians from the “genuine Cretans”. This is most likely a consequence of the marked anthropological differences between the Pelasgian northerners and the Cretan southerners. The Pelasgians had their own writing, which, judging by the preserved monument, was very similar to the runic writing of the Germans and Scandinavians. The memory of the Pelasgians and their cultural achievements remained in Greece for a very long time. Herodotus reported that it was the Pelasgians who built the wall around the Athenian acropolis. The Pelasgian language is close to Etruscan and Hurrian. Its Indo-European origin has not been proven, but it is also not an Afrasian, Caucasian, Uralic, Altaic, or other language family. The Pelasgian language is one of the ancient languages, the origin of which is not clear. It is quite possible that he stood out from the proto-Indo-European linguistic community, even before its final form.

Figure: 1. The writing of the Pelasgians (Lemnos stele)

It is believed that the biblical Philistines are one of the offshoots of the Pelasgians (in particular, the Bible indicates their relationship with the inhabitants of Crete). The term Philistines is a typical distortion of the Hebrew "pelishtim" in the Greek translation of the Bible. In turn, the biblical "pelishtim" is a possible alteration of the word pelasgi with a characteristic rethinking of this ethnonym, which acquired the meaning of wanderers, migrants. From the modified ethnonym Pelishtim and received its present name Palestine (Land of the Philistines). It is interesting that Ancient Greece, before being called Hellas, according to Herodotus, was designated by the word Pelasgia. The belonging of the anthropological type of the Pelasgians to the Northern European race is confirmed by the research of the archaeologist and anthropologist R. Virkhov, who, while examining Trojan skulls (and the Trojans, according to Greek sources, just descended from the Pelasgians), stated that they had dolichocephaly and mesocephaly with a very small admixture of brachium, that is typically Northern European racial characteristics. That is, in the case of Greece, we see all the same example of how a civilization inhabited by non-northern European races was nevertheless created by the northern European branch of the great white race.

The racial type of pre-Greek peoples can be attributed to the Alpinids, who in the Bronze Age came to Europe from the East, from Anatolia, as well as the Dinarians, who in turn also came to Europe from Asia. Trypillian archaeological culture (VI - IV millennium BC) was created by people of the Dinaric racial type. The Alpine racial type appears to have been central to the Vinca culture. The origin of the pre-Greek population of Crete, the Peloponnese and the southern Balkans dates back to the Trypillians and Vinchians. The Mediterranean race, also belonging to the southern European branch of the great white race, also had a certain influence on the racial type of the early Minoan civilization. It was about the mixing of alpinids and mediterranids that G. Child wrote when he talked about the increase in the number of brachycephals, that is, a feature peculiar to the alpinid race. Both of these races, the Mediterranean and the Alpinids, were races with dark skin, dark hair and eyes. The culture of the Minoans also had no connection with the Aryans. Although the Minoan writing has not yet been deciphered, the available data allow us to conclude that the Minoan language did not belong to the Indo-European languages. The center of the Minoan civilization was the island of Crete, after by the middle of the II millennium BC. Minoan civilization weakened, it was conquered by the Achaeans in the XII century BC.

Figure: 2. Invasion of the Alpine race into Europe from the east. Bronze Age 3000-1800 BC.

Around 2300 BC e. The Peloponnese and northwestern Anatolia survived an enemy invasion, as evidenced by traces of fires and destruction in the settlements. Under the influence of invaders until 2000-1800. BC e. the material culture of mainland Greece, Troy, and some islands has changed. The Achaeans, like all Aryans, brought with them a superweapon of that time - a war chariot. Fighting on this war machine, they, like other Aryan peoples, easily defeated all their opponents. The pre-Greek tribes of the Peloponnese were no exception, except for the island of Crete, where the Minoan civilization, protected by a strong fleet, continued to exist.

Figure: 3. Expansion of the Aryans - Indo-Europeans from 4000 to 1000 BC. (according to the "barrow theory" M. Gimbutas)

The Achaeans created their own civilization, which was distinguished by a common feature for all Aryan peoples - the presence of castles - citadels of the aristocracy, dominating the villages in which free farmers lived. This is how the Mycenaean civilization was created (it got its name from one of the largest states of Achaean Greece - Mycenae), which historians traditionally classify as one group with the Minoan. In our opinion, this classification is not entirely correct, since in addition to ethnic and racial characteristics among the Mycenaeans, in contrast to the Minoan civilization, which gravitated towards eastern despotism, the society was typically Aryan - military aristocratic.

The Achaeans in everyday life preserved the customs brought by them from the north, so in particular, their mustache and beard were a characteristic difference from the Mediterranean peoples. Unlike the pampered Minoan civilization, the aliens cultivated austerity and masculinity, which found artistic expression in the art monuments of Mycenaean Greece. The favorite theme of the Achaean palace murals were scenes of war and hunting. The symbols of the power of the kings were massive fortifications on high places, surrounded by strong walls. The construction of these fortifications differs markedly from the Cretan architecture.

The racial type of the Achaeans was northern European, the main race was the Nordic race, but the northern Cro-Manid race, widespread among the Aryans, was also quite widely represented. Anthropologist K.S. Kuhn directly connects the Achaeans with the Nordic representatives of the Corded Ware culture. On the fresco of the Peloponnesian city of Tiryns, we see a white Achaean surrounded by red-skinned Minoans. The Achaeans brought with them the Aryan pantheon, where, unlike the ancient European Mother Goddess, male deities played the leading role. The gods of the Achaeans had not a chthonic but a heavenly character, which was also a common phenomenon for the Aryans. The chthonic deities, although they entered the Greek pantheon, carried many archaic features in their characteristics, which allows us to conclude that they were the result of the influence of more ancient pre-Aryan cultures on the Achaean civilization. It is also interesting that all the heavenly, solar gods of the Greeks are blondes, and the chthonic gods are brunettes. So in the mythology of the people, its racial history was reflected. The heavenly gods of the Greeks are shown in their mythology as fighters against chthonic evil - giants, snakes, and various monsters.

Figure: 4. Corded Ware culture (Corded) in the Eneolithic period

The connection of the Greek gods with the north is also obvious. So Apollo flies every year to the country of the Hyperboreans in a chariot drawn by swans. Apollo, on the other hand, is closely associated with the wolves that accompany him, and the wolf should be noted as a typical northern European animal, which left many traces in the mythology of the Scandinavians, Germans and Slavs, but is practically not represented in southern mythology. Apollo, in Greek mythology, acts as the carriers of the main Aryan Indo-European myth - the fight for the serpent, and Apollo also fights with chthonic monsters - giants, cyclops. Apollo patronized the city of the Pelasgians - Troy. But what is even more interesting - Apollo in Homer's description is a typical alien from the north - he does not cut his hair and uses a bow and arrow in the war.

Translated from Greek “Hyperboreans” means “those who live beyond Boreus (the North Wind)”, or, more simply, “those who live in the North”. The existence of Hyperborea and Hyperboreans was reported by many ancient authors. Pliny the Elder - wrote about the Hyperboreans as a real people who lived near the Arctic Circle and connected with the Hellenes through the cult of Apollo Hyperborean. Not only Apollo, but also the heroes-demigods Hercules and Perseus, had the epithet - Hyperborean. Another fact that brings the Greeks closer to the inhabitants of the north is the spread of labyrinths in the region of the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea coast, extremely similar to the labyrinths of the Minoans. Perhaps this indicates that the ancestors of the Pelasgians lived in the North of Europe before coming to Greece. The sages and servants of Apollo Abaris and Aristey, who taught the Greeks, were considered to be from the country of the Hyperboreans. They taught people new cultural values \u200b\u200b- music, philosophy, the art of creating poems, hymns, the ability to build temples. As the Greek poet Pindar wrote, the Hyperboreans are among the peoples close to the gods and loved by them. Just like their patron Apollo, the Hyperboreans are artistically gifted. The happy and carefree life of the Hyperboreans is accompanied by songs, dances, music and feasts; eternal fun and reverent prayers are characteristic of this people - the priests and servants of Apollo.

The mythology of the Greeks gives us one more confirmation of the direct and immediate connection of the Achaeans with the Aryans. “The legendary titans were the sons of the ancient Aryan god known in India - in the Vedic texts his name is Varuna - who was revered by the ancestors of the white race, and whose name the Hellenes kept for many centuries: this is Uranus. The Titans, the sons of Uranus, the most ancient god of the Aryans, were also Aryans and spoke a language that bears great resemblance to Sanskrit, Celtic and Old Slavic. " The descendant of the titan Prometheus was the hero Deucalion, whom the Achaeans considered their ancestor, that is, the Achaeans directly traced their kinship to the times when the Aryan community was still united and did not manage to divide into separate peoples.

The largest historical event of the Mycenaean civilization was the Trojan War, which in the XII century BC. the union of the Achaean states led against the Trojan state. Homer's poems have left us a rich source of knowledge on Greek civilization and especially military affairs of the Dorian period. The aristocracy went to battle on two-wheeled chariots, harnessed by a pair of horses.

The warriors were protected by bronze armor and helmets, and a large shield covered with leather and painted with various images was also a protective weapon. The main weapon was a spear, with which a warrior from a chariot hit opponents. Two warriors rode in the chariot, one drove the horses, the second attacked the enemies and defended himself.
Arming ordinary members of the community was much simpler. Bone-reinforced leather helmets were used as protective equipment, and the body was often protected by linen clothing and a shield. Weapons were darts and swords. In battle, they first threw darts, and then, coming close, fought with swords. Many battles began with duels of the noblest warriors, who specifically looked for each other in order to measure their strength.

Figure: 5. Mycenaean image of warriors and chariots

The social structure of the Achaean society, as already indicated above, was of a military aristocratic character. At the head of the state was a ruler with the title "Wanaka", who was also the largest landowner in the state. The second most important role was played by the army commander who bore the title "lavagetas". The aristocracy was made up of "tereta", probably ordinary nobles and the smaller class "hepetai", who were the tsar's retinue. A council of elders existed for consultation and probably as a means of keeping traditions.

Unprivileged estates - artisans, farmers, pastoralists - were free communes and often kept slaves who helped them in their economic activities. Also free Achaeans were the basis for the army. Slaves, according to sources, came from different ethnic and racial groups and were represented by the inhabitants of Asia Minor or Minoans, who were captured as prisoners during the war. This is confirmed by the very name of the slaves - "raviyaya", which means - war booty.

The Achaeans had temples and priests, although there was no developed temple economy characteristic of eastern despotism. The king was the high priest. Management was carried out by the king, who convened a meeting of noble people for the council. Occasionally, to solve the most important issues, a national assembly was convened. The soldiers, having gathered, sat down in rows, aristocrats were placed on a special platform. The meeting was chaired by the king, he also determined what opinion was supported by the majority, which was decided by the strength of the cry of approval or indignation. In the assembly of the people we see a trace of the times of the military democracy of the ancient Aryans, the elements of which existed for thousands of years and were known to us in the Slavic veche and in the Germanic forces.

The military character of the Achaean society led to the fact that the Mycenaeans constantly carried out external expansion to the rich lands of the south and east. So Knossos in Crete was captured, plundered and destroyed, the invasions of Cyprus were carried out, and the campaigns of conquest in Egypt gave the Achaeans the name of the peoples of the sea. The Trojan War was one of such campaigns, its worldwide fame is associated with the fact that the great poem of Homer has survived about it, while the songs of lesser known poets have not survived to our time. By the way, it should be noted that the song culture of the Achaeans was also very close to the Aryan tradition and finds its closest analogue in nothing else, as in Russian epics. Even the performance of Greek epic songs in its manner was similar to the manner of Russian storytellers telling epics, accompanying them with string music.

In search of living space, the Achaeans turned to the colonization of nearby lands. Coming from the north to the favorable climate of Greece, the Achaeans increased their number, and they began to miss the small lands of the Peloponnesian Peninsula. The main directions of colonization of the Mycenaean era were the south - to Crete, Cyprus and the islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea and the east - to Asia Minor, where many Greek colonies were formed on the coast. The conquests of the Achaeans were reflected in Greek mythology. Both Perseus and Achilles were typical colonizers, settling new lands for the Mycenaeans. In the process of colonization, the racial unity of the Achaeans was eroded. The displacement with the Asian and Mediterranean races led to the gradual loss of the Northern European anthropological type, as a result of which the people of Ionians - the Greeks living in Ionia - were formed on the coast of Asia Minor. The Ionian people not only formed a separate Greek nation, but also differed in their dialect, which, however, was quite similar to the Achaean. The Greek language very early stood out from the Indo-European community (only Hittite and Tocharian languages \u200b\u200bare earlier). In the Late Achaean period, the Greek language was represented by 2 main dialects, Aeolian and Ionian.

The Achaeans did not stop at the conquests and colonization of nearby lands and rushed further south, where the territories of rich Egypt were located. Around 1400 BC Egyptian sources record the invasions of the Achaean tribes. For nearly two hundred years, Greek raids threatened the Egyptian shores and ravaged the country. Only by the efforts of the outstanding ruler Ramses III was the onslaught of the peoples of the sea stopped. Let me note here an indicative historical parallel of the expansionism of the Achaeans, with the regular raids of the Normans in Europe, which took place more than two millennia later. There is no doubt that the ethnic and racial stereotypes of the Aryan peoples turned out to be so strong that they acted among the Achaeans and their relatives in the race - the Norman Vikings.

In the XII century BC. Greece was invaded by the Dorians, another Aryan people who came from the north. Despite the attempts of some researchers to present the Dorians as less developed than the Achaeans, they stood at a higher level of civilization, since they knew and used iron, which made the Dorian army more effective against the Achaeans who used bronze weapons. The Dorians were distinguished from other Greek tribes by strict military discipline, militancy, stable ancestral traditions, pride and simplicity of their way of life. They avoided luxury and excesses. The highest embodiment of the Dorian virtues was found in the Spartans, the creators of the Spartan state, which was admired by all of Greece. The cultural achievements of the Dorians were also great, so it was the Dorian dialect that formed the basis of the literary Greek language.

Another reason for the high development of Dorian culture can be considered the fact that it was soon after the Dorian conquest in Greece that they began to use the writing that appeared in the 9th century BC. The Phoenician writing became the model for Greek writing, but this did not mean that the Semites played the role of the creators of the Greek alphabet. From the Phoenician writing the Greeks borrowed only the idea of \u200b\u200bsigns that would convey not words or concepts, not syllables, but sounds. Also, one cannot ignore the likelihood that the Greek writing inherited the runic writing of the Pelasgians and, in turn, it was the writing of the Pelasgians that the Phoenicians used to develop their alphabet. At the same time, the Phoenician writing was very archaic, since the letters were used only to convey consonants, which did not provide absolute accuracy in conveying meanings in writing. The Greeks were the first of all civilizations to use letters to convey both vowels and consonants, which made their alphabet the most accurate for expressing any meaning. We can say that the first step towards science was taken by the Greeks precisely after they created their alphabet.

The Dorians were close in origin to the Achaeans, but, being isolated from ties with the southern lands, they retained their racial Nordic type unchanged. Ethnic closeness was confirmed by the similarity of language and mythology, since the Dorians were considered the descendants of Dora, the son of the progenitor of the Greeks, Deucalion. The Dorians themselves believed that they descended from Hercules as a semi-divine hero of the archaic era. Hercules was perhaps the most archaic demigod of the Greeks, since his weapon was a wooden club, and instead of armor and a helmet, he used the skin and skull of a lion. In the image of Hercules, the Dorians preserved the most ancient signs of the Aryan civilization of the Neolithic.

The racial makeup of the Dorians is well known. It is represented in many monuments of ancient Greece, in literary descriptions, primarily in the poems of Homer, created at a time when racial mixing had not yet affected a significant part of the Greeks. If we turn to written sources, we will see that Homer describes the appearance of the Greeks (relying on the appearance of the Dorians, of whom he was a contemporary), using such adjectives as: "light-eyed", "fair-haired", "fair", "tall" ... We will find the following descriptions in the text:

"To the son of Peleus, the light-eyed daughter of Aegiochus"
“… Odysseus the city fighter rose up
With a scepter in hand; and with him the bright-eyed virgin, Pallas "
"Light Atrid, and now, as before, you are firm in soul"
"... and Meleager light-haired is dead"
"... the fair-haired Menelaus will strike in battle"
"... and henceforth with the light-haired son of Atreus"
"... light-haired Adrasta"
"... the light-haired wife of Agameda"

Figure: 6. Greek sculpture of the archaic era. Light hair color is clearly visible

Anthropologically, the Dorians were represented by two main types of northern European races: the Nordids and the massive northern Cromanids. The predominance of these two types is not accidental: the Nordic racial type was the main one for the archaeological culture of Corded Ware, and the massive northern Cro-Manid type was the main racial type for the Yamnaya archaeological culture. It was the Yamnaya culture that became the birthplace of the Proto Aryans, and the Corded Ware culture (from which the Proto-Balto-Slavs and Proto-Germans were later formed) inherited the Yamnaya culture and was the first archaeological culture created by the Nordic race. Even in the later period of the era of classical Greece (VII - II centuries BC), at least 27% of Greeks carried Nordic traits in their phenotype, this is a very large indicator, today in most European states, the percentage of people of the Nordic race is significantly less.

The warlike Dorians quickly subjugated the Achaeans to their power, partially subjugating and partially displacing them into the mountainous less fertile lands of Attica, Achaia and parts of the Aegean islands. The arrival of the Dorians opened the Dorian period in the history of Greece, which is also called the Homeric period, as the great poet created his works around the 8th century BC. Homer's poems are a source at the same time for the history of the Achaean period, since they describe many archaic elements that disappeared from the life of the Greeks after the Dorian conquest, and at the same time often describe life in Greece in a later period after the Dorian order was established in all over the peninsula.

What changes have taken place in Greek society? First, the Dorians further strengthened the aristocratic specifics of the Greek state. Instead of the hereditary kings of the Mycenaean era, power is increasingly becoming the prerogative of kings chosen from among the aristocracy. Or the power of the tsar is supplemented by the introduction of higher government positions, which dealt with issues of military administration and court. So in Corinth, the aristocracy began to choose a king from among their midst. In Athens, which, although they were not conquered by the Dorians, but experienced their strong cultural influence, the king was given a supreme military leader - a polemarch, a regent - an archon and a college of judges - femosfets. And over time, the power of the hereditary king was completely replaced by the power of an elected ruler who bore the title of archon-basileus.

Secondly, the Dorians finally approved the political organization of the Greek states as city-states - policies. Polis was a political organization of free Greeks, formed as a result of the unification of several clans (a phenomenon called synekism). The polis carried a strong generic principle, since belonging to the polis was inextricably linked with the origin from one of the clans included in the polis. Citizenship of the policy was impossible to buy, blood rights, not property rights, ensured the existence of this system. The polis was, as it were, a means that raised the position of even its poorest citizen to the status of a noble man, warrior and ruler.

Thirdly, the aristocracy of the Greek civilization reached its peak after the Dorian conquest. Within the framework of the polis system, not only the power belonged to the aristocracy, but also the power turned the entire people into an aristocracy. At the head of the policy, as a rule, stood the council of the oldest, heads of clans. The highest positions in the system of government were held by persons of noble birth, but at the same time the people's assembly was preserved, in which all male citizens of the polis participated. For the first time in history, thus, already within the framework of the state, and not before the state systems of military democracy, all representatives of the people were constituted as the ruling class. Free residents of the polis who had no clan (that is, ethnic and racial) ties with the Philae (clans) of this policy did not have civil rights, although they could live in the city and own property. So in Dorian Greece a phenomenon appeared, which later became known as racial and ethnic segregation. Newcomers from the north were afraid to dissolve in the local population and lose the purity of their blood. and sleep and their characteristic features.

Such a researcher as V.B. Avdeev: “The Greeks divided the whole world into their own, that is, the Greeks, and all others, that is, the barbarians. This division, which goes back to pre-philosophical times and does not have a specific author, indicates the original racial and, most importantly, the specific nature of the thinking of the ancient Greeks. "Own - alien" - this rule, then elevated to the rank of cultural absolute, does not leave us any chance of error. " In turn, J. de Gobineau, as if continuing the thought, made a conclusion about the aristocratic foundations of Greek civilization: “Thus, the Aryan-Greek, sovereign in his house, a free man in the square, a real feudal lord, reigned supreme over his slaves, children, servants and the bourgeois ".

Homeric poetry depicts psychological types of the aristocratic environment for us: the ruler Menelaus, the military leader Achilles, the colonizer Odysseus - all these types were familiar and close to their contemporaries, who recognized themselves in them. Homer's ideals are aristocratic ideals and he appeals to the bearers of aristocratic culture and self-awareness. They were closest to the lines dedicated to the great warriors and rulers - the streams of the gods or the story of the punishment of the rebel, the plebeian Thersite, by the way, described with typical features of the southern races, that is, even from the point of view of physical anthropology, alien to the Nordic Greeks. The highest goal of the noble is not profit or momentary success, although the heroes of Homer are not alien to the desire for wealth, but most of all they are worried about posthumous fame, the eternal memory of the hero and his exploits.

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We know about the justice of the Greek gods from the myths and legends of Ancient Greece. Therefore, it is not known whether this was practiced in reality or was invented by the Hellenes during fabulous antiquity. But be that as it may, and the legality of the inhabitants of Olympus was extremely ...

It is difficult to speak briefly about Ancient Greece. After all, this country has had a huge impact on the formation of not only Western culture, but the entire world civilization. The views of Europeans about politics, philosophy, architecture, geometry, literature, medicine, astronomy, art are based on ideas ...

Sparta of Ancient Greece existed in the southern lands of the Peloponnese from the 9th to the 2nd century BC. e. It is notable for the fact that it was ruled by two kings. They passed on their power by inheritance. However, the real administrative power rested with the elders. They were chosen from among the respected Spartans of the age ...

Ancient Athens was considered the main city in Attica (Central Greece). Urban settlements were located several kilometers from the sea. They grouped around a high hill with a citadel towering over it. It was called the Acropolis. This area was extremely picturesque, and the Acropolis ...

The ancient Hellenes were not physically different from the modern ones.

AND ntropological data

Early anthropologists generally believed that the Greeks were predominantly Mediterranean. Such views, for example, were held by Sergi and Ripley.

Buxton, in one of his works, shares the opinion of his predecessors, although he notes that the brachycephalic element was present among the Greeks already at an early stage, and that Alpine-Mediterranean combinations were common among the Greeks already at an early stage.

Alexander the Great

The American anthropologist Kuhn agrees that the Greeks are an Alpine-Mediterranean combination with a small Nordic component, being "remarkably similar" to their ancient ancestors.

The most complete study of Greek remains, from the Neolithic to the present, was carried out by the American anthropologist Lawrence Angel, who established evidence that early racial variability in Greece was 7% above average, indicating that the anthropological composition of the Greeks was initially diverse within the Caucasian race.

Angel noted that since antiquity, "the racial continuity in Greece is striking."

Buxton who has previously studied Greek skeletal material and performed anthropometric measurements of modern Greeks, especially in Cyprus, finds that modern Greeks "have physical characteristics not essentially different from those from the past [ancient Greeks]."

And this is what the famous ancient Greek heroes look like, which we are used to seeing only in the form of statues ..

Amazon

Aphrodite

Apollo

Athena

Another version of Athena

Nika

Venus de Milo

Let's consider in detail the formation of the human race from the point of view of esotericism. In Theosophy, it is generally accepted that the development of humanity is divided into seven stages. At each stage of evolution, that is, a stage, according to theosophical concepts, one of the seven main types of man, the root race, predominates.

Root race is a theosophical term used to designate each of the seven stages of human evolution on any planet in esoteric anthropogenesis, set forth in E. Blavatsky's book The Secret Doctrine (1888). During any of seven such stages of evolution, sometimes called small circles, one of the seven main types of man predominates. The Secret Doctrine states that the development of the indigenous races is inextricably linked with the change in the geographic face of the planet: the destruction of some continents and the emergence of others. However, Blavatsky notes, it should be borne in mind that, both for racial evolution and for the displacements and displacements of continental masses, it is impossible to draw a clear line between the end of the old order and the beginning of a new one.

It is assumed that intelligent life on Earth was created purposefully by a whole complex of higher powers, for which there are no words in human languages. The first monads, created simultaneously with the emergence of the Earth, consisted of subtle bodies and were devoid of intelligence. This was the First Race. Gradually all primary monads disintegrated, and from their elements the Second Race was formed. These were monads, similar to the first, but in the course of evolution they found a new way of reproduction, which can be described as "allocating an egg." Gradually, this method became dominant. And as a result, the Third Race arose - the race of the Eggborn, which at first also did not have a dense, physical body (geological conditions on Earth were then unsuitable for the physical existence of protein bodies).

The third race, which emerged at the beginning of the Archean era, rapidly developed to the level of separation of the sexes and the folding of the rudiments of intelligence. The first three subraces (traditionally these subraces within the boundaries of the "basic" races, according to Theosophy, are seven) of the Third Race gradually built up a dense shell, until finally, in the period of the fourth subrace of the Third Race, the first, in fact, people with a real physical body appeared. This happened in the era of the dinosaurs, i.e. about 100-120 million years BC. The dinosaurs were big, and people looked accordingly: up to 18 meters tall or more.

In subsequent subraces, their growth gradually decreased. Proof of this, according to Theosophy, must be the fossil bones of giants and myths about giants. The first people did not yet have a complete set of bodies: they did not have a conscious soul, i.e. bodies of the spiritual mind. The higher primates (monkeys) originated from these human animals. After that, according to one of the versions, the higher forces-creators, who caused intelligent life on Earth, introduced into the consciousness of people those actually rational principles, which allowed them to act as teachers of subsequent generations.

The last subraces of the Third Race created the first intelligent civilization of people on the prototype of Lemuria, according to other versions - Gondwana. This continent was located in the Southern Hemisphere and included the southern tip of Africa, Australia with New Zealand, and in the north - Madagascar and Ceylon. Easter Island also belonged to the Lemurian culture.

During the period of the seventh sub-race of the Third Race, the civilization of the Lemurians fell into decay, and this continent itself went under water. This happened at the end of the Tertiary period, i.e. about 3 million years BC. (The third race is sometimes also called the Black Race. Black tribes, African and Australian, are considered its descendants.)

At that time, the Fourth Race had already arisen - the Atlantean race on the continent called Atlantis (it is assumed that its northern outskirts extended several degrees east of Iceland, including Scotland, Ireland and the northern part of England, and southern - to the place where Rio is now de Janeiro). The Atlanteans were the offspring of the Lemurians who settled on another continent about a million years before the death of Lemuria.

The first two subraces of the Atlantean race were descended from these first emigrants from Lemuria. The third subrace of the Atlantean race appeared after the death of Lemuria or Gondwana: these were the Toltecs, the Red race. According to Theosophy, the Atlanteans worshiped the Sun, and their height reached two and a half meters. The capital of the Atlantean Empire was the city of the Hundred Golden Gate. Their civilization reached the peak of its development precisely during the period of the Toltecs or the Red Race. This was about 1 million years ago.

The first geological catastrophe, which happened about 800 thousand years ago, disrupted the land connection of Atlantis with the future America and Europe. The second - about 200 thousand years ago - split the continent into several islands, large and small. The modern continents arose. After the third catastrophe, about 80 thousand years BC, only Poseidonis Island remained, which sank about 10 thousand years BC.

The Atlanteans foresaw these catastrophes and took measures to save their scientists and their accumulated knowledge: they built gigantic temples in Egypt and opened the first schools of esoteric wisdom there. Esotericism in that era was a kind of state philosophy and a familiar view of the world. The highest Initiates, thanks to whom ancient knowledge were able to survive for millennia, were considered the highest value in the threat of the destruction of continents. The catastrophes of Atlantis caused new waves of migrations and the following subraces of the Fourth Race arose: Huns (fourth subrace), protosemites (fifth), Sumerians (sixth) and Asians (seventh). The Asians who mixed with the Huns are sometimes also called the Yellow Race, and the Proto-Semites and their descendants who formed the Fifth Race are called the White.

Modern mankind is interpreted by esotericism as the Fifth or Aryan race, which also traditionally includes seven subraces, of which only five are still available: 1) Indians (light-skinned tribes), 2) younger Semites (Assyrians, Arabs), 3) Iranians, 4) Celts (Greeks, Romans and their descendants), 5) Teutons (Germans and Slavs). The Sixth and Seventh Root Races are to come later.

According to the teachings of Theosophy, all human races and their subraces fulfill one or another task of universal human evolution. When one race completes its mission, then the next one appears to replace it, and this is always connected with the transition of human civilization to a new level.

Race	Emergence	Characteristics and habitat
First Root Race (self-born)	about 150-130 million years BC	It arose on Earth under the sign of the Sun, in the form of astral, semi-etheric beings by densifying the subtle world, that is, the world of psychic energy. Ethereal, sexless and unconscious. They were creatures with a wave body structure that could freely pass through any solid objects. They looked like luminous ethereal forms of moonlight in the form of shadows, could live in any conditions and at any temperature. The self-born possessed astral-etheric vision. Communication with the surrounding world and the Higher Cosmic Intelligence was carried out telepathically. It multiplied by excretion from parental bodies, which by the end was perfected to "budding", and in this way the second root race was initiated. Habitat: Far North
Second Root Race (later-born)	about 130-90 million years BC	The second race was more dense, but did not have a physical body, its height was about 37 meters. "Man" of the Second Race went through the process of densification, had significant elements of matter, representing an ethereal, ghost-like being. She inherited vision from the first root race, and she herself developed the sense of touch, which at the end of the race reached such perfection that with just one touch they understood the whole essence of the object, i.e. both the external and internal nature of the objects to which they touched. This property is called psychometry today. The way of reproduction is the allocation of drops of vital fluid and their combination into a single whole (being). Habitat: Hyperborea (Gondwana)
Third Root Race (Lemurians)	18.5 million years BC	The bodies of the first subrace of the Lemurians consisted of astral matter (like the first root race). The second Lemurian subrace had the form of condensed astral matter (like the second root race). And already the third Lemurian subrace, in which the separation of the sexes took place, has already become purely physical. The bodies and senses of the third subrace of the Lemurians became so dense that the people of this subrace began to perceive the physical climate of the Earth. Height is about 18 meters. The Lemurians developed a brain and nervous system, which laid the foundation for the development of mental consciousness, although emotionality still prevailed. Habitat: Lemuria (Mu).
Fourth Root Race (Atlanteans)	About 5 million years BC	The first Atlanteans were shorter than the Lemurians, although they reached 3.5 meters. Their growth gradually decreased. The skin color of the first sub-race was dark red, and the second was red-brown. The mind of the representatives of the first sub-races of the Fourth Race was infantile, not reaching the level of the last sub-races of the Lemurian Race. The civilization of Atlantis has reached a high level, especially during the existence of the third subrace of the Atlanteans - the Toltecs. The skin color of the people of this subrace was copper-red, they were tall - they reached two and a half meters (over time, their growth decreased, reaching the height of a person of our days). The descendants of the Toltec are the Peruvians and Aztecs, as well as the Red Indians of the Americas. Used psi energy. Habitat: Atlantis, Lemuria
Fifth Root Race (Aryans)	About 1.5 million years BC	Modern mankind is interpreted by esotericism as the Fifth or Aryan race, which also traditionally includes seven subraces, of which only five are still available: 1) Indians (light-skinned tribes), 2) Younger Semites (Assyrians, Arabs), 3) Iranians, 4) Celts (Greeks, Romans and their descendants), 5) Teutons (Germans and Slavs). The Sixth and Seventh Root Races are to come later.
Sixth and Seventh Root Races	in future	In the interval between the second and third subraces of the sixth root race, there will be a transition from organic to etheric life. People of the sixth root race will eventually open and develop subtle energy centers (chakras), which will gradually lead to the discovery of wonderful abilities, for example, such as transmitting thoughts at a distance, levitation, knowing the future, seeing through solid objects, understanding a foreign language without knowledge of him and other phenomenal abilities.

Origin of the Greek people

Where did he come from, this people, which neither on the Mycenaean tablets nor in the Homeric poems called themselves "Greeks", because not he himself, but the Italians, having come into conflict with the inhabitants of Epirus, extended the nickname of a little-known tribe to the entire Greek archipelago, in the 4th century BC. e. who lived in the vicinity of Dodona. The author of the Catalog of Ships (Iliad, II, 530) uses the term panhelleins to designate all the inhabitants of Hellas, that is, a small region south of Thessaly, as well as the Sperheya valley. Most often, the soldiers who gathered near Troy are called Achaeans ( akhaios), Argives ( argeios) or Danaans ( danaoi), this is clearly not a self-name. Historians point to the presence of Achaean tribes in half a dozen regions of Greece, from Thessaly to Crete. The name Argos ("White City") was borne by eight cities or settlements from the middle basin of Heliakmon (Vistritsa) and northern Thessaly to the island of Nisyros. The name of the Danaans is associated not only with the subjects of the mythical king Danaus from Argolis, the father of Danaids, but also with the name of a large river in Thessaly - Apidanos. This means, most likely, the four names with which the most ancient written sources known to us designate the Greeks - Hellenes, Achaeans, Argives, Danaians - belonged to the tribes inhabiting the rich Thessalian plain. But where did they come from?

There are three options for resolving this issue. The first of them, literary, is no worse or better than the other two. It consists in taking into account the opinion of Greek historians, because who, if not them, know the origin of their own ancestors. The ancients considered Ellin, the eponymous hero of their race, the son of the northerner Prometheus, or Deucalion ("White") and Pyrrha ("Redhead"). The latter were nailed to the mountains of Thessaly after the Great Flood. Consequently, they came from somewhere north of Olympus and, according to tradition, it was around 1600 BC. e., Ellyn married the nymph Orsei, thereby giving birth to the four ancestors of the Hellenic tribes.

The linguistic solution was prompted by a search among the most ancient toponyms of peninsular Greece and Crete for a series of names that certainly preceded the Greek ones, and an attempt to find correspondences for them in Europe and Asia. Meanwhile, among pre-Hellenic proper names there are two types: those that do not lend themselves to explanation according to the laws of Indo-European languages, such as the names of some mountains (Mala, Parna, Pindus) and rivers (Arna, Tavros), and others that are ubiquitous on the banks Aegean, with roots and suffixes comparable to those found in Indo-European languages, although their phonetics violates the laws of Greek: for example, Corinth and Kurivanda, Pedas and Pedassa, Pergamum and Larissa. As a result, the conclusion suggests itself that before the appearance of the Hellenes in Thessaly, at least two different peoples lived on the Greek archipelago: the first was pre-Indo-European, and the second was formed from various Indo-European elements, and its speakers used words with endings in - eus, - tpa, - nthos, - ssos-ssa etc. Such words are widely represented on our maps, from the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara to Crete, including in Thrace, Eastern Greece and the Peloponnese.

As for the proto-Hellenic region itself, linguists who study the names of rivers and mountains locate it in Pieria, north of Epirus, that is, approximately in the territory of present-day northwestern Greece: here all the toponyms of ancient Greek origin. Scientists conclude that the ancestors of the mythical Hellene roamed between the Grammos massif, the copper mines at Grevena and the Ion River basin. During their migrations to the southeast, driving herds or driven by them, hungry and too numerous to feed, they encountered a mixed population, a carrier of a higher culture than their own, and called them Pelasgians. It is noted that during the Trojan War, only the eastern parts of Greece, the Balkan Peninsula and the adjacent islands were considered Hellenic, as if the people of Hellen had dissolved among the shepherds of Pindus and Parnassus and the Aegean sailors. In all likelihood, the name "Achaeans" akhaios, - Pelasgic, that is, of pre-Hellenic origin, and means men-warriors, "comrades."

However, an archaeological approach to solving this issue is in vogue now. After the excavations of Orchomena, the Minoan capital of Boeotia, the discovery of many cities of Argolis, including Lerna, and most importantly, after a comparative study of burial mounds in southern Russia, called burial mounds, and similar burial grounds in the Mediterranean, from Albania to Asia Minor, most archaeologists admit the possibility of the invasion of the Balkans by several successive waves of Indo-European newcomers from the beginning of the Bronze Age, that is, from about 2500 BC. e. You shouldn't think that they were falling down like a rampart: probably there were no more than several tens of thousands of people who roamed with their herds in search of pastures, living space and a place in the sun. Along the way, they caused many disasters, but they brought with them something new both to the land of Greece itself and to the region of Troy. The settlements of the more ancient inhabitants of those places probably burned to the ground more than once between 2500 and 1900 BC. BC: conflagrations are typical for Troy, the towns of Thessaly, Etresi and Lerna, and in 2300-2200 the same fate befell many settlements on the Cretan coast.

The steppe inhabitants carried with them the features of a completely different civilization: burials under barrows, original ceramics with wicker ornaments, very smooth and imitating metal, the ability to combine copper with many other elements - arsenic, zinc, lead, silver, tin, - to make battle axes, daggers, etc. swords that became longer and stronger, spears with tips and a kind of armor that covered the whole body, as well as the feudal system of dividing society into three or four classes, and among the latter - a caste of professional warriors who can harness a horse to a war chariot.

The oldest remains of a domesticated horse found in Macedonia date from the Early Bronze Age. At the end of the 17th century BC. e. noble warriors-conquerors demanded that they be buried in Greece under huge mounds along with horses - this fact has been proven by excavations in Marathon. It is not difficult to imagine what horror gripped the peaceful farmers and shepherds who lived on the plains of Thessaly, Boeotia and Attica, at the sight of war chariots, these terrible war machines, on which archers and spearmen who beat without a miss raced. Local residents, or rather, those who had come here before - Pelasgians, Lelegs, Lapiths or Aons - could only run or submit.

And archaeologists also confirm what was vaguely looming both from literary analysis, as well as from a comparative study of geographical names: from 1600 to 1200, the Mycenaean world experienced a phase of impressive economic and demographic expansion. New settlements appeared everywhere and cities were built. Finally, the instability of the early and middle Bronze Ages is contrasted with the persistence of the customs of the Late Bronze Age. Neither in Marathon, nor in Arkhans on Crete (ancient Akanan) during the 16th – 13th centuries, no changes were observed in the funeral rites. These considerations all boil down to a few dates and symbolic facts:

1600-1500: Construction of a circle of royal tombs in Mycenae IN, then circle A The appearance of similar burials from Lefkada to Marathon.

1500-1400: Foundation of the most ancient palaces at Mycenae, Tiryns and Thebes. The appearance of the royal domed tombs, tholosov.

1400-1300: Construction of Cyclopean fortifications and new palaces in twenty cities in Greece and on the shores of Asia.

1300–1200: Building up and improving the means of defense. Massive colonization of islands and outlying coasts.

One should not imagine that the phenomenon of invasions and the merger of invaders with the locals is characteristic exclusively of Greece, and most importantly, that all this stopped in 1200 BC. e. Since that time, every century has witnessed how hordes of conquerors from the farthest corners of Europe march across the Balkans, fearing neither the Tempey Gorge nor Thermopylae, and sometimes settle on the peninsula. Dorians, Thracians, Macedonians, Celts, Goths, Slavs, Crusaders, Albanians, peoples of the Caucasus and so on - all of them, some earlier, some later, set foot on the land of Greece. But what is most striking in the legendary campaign of the Achaeans to the shores of Asia, or rather to Troy, is what they met there, according to ancient sources, languages, customs and religions, similar to their own, as if they were brothers, or at least relatives of Priam and his vassals. For 100 years, archaeologists have noted that the sixth layer of Trojan ruins contains the same "Minoan" ceramics - gray, then red and cream, the same types of vessels, buildings, fortifications as modern Greek cities of this layer (c. 1900-1360 .). On the other hand, the Mycenaean pottery found in Troy VII A testifies to the close ties between this city and the Achaean world. And you begin to seriously wonder whether the Troas was not filled with the same nomadic tribes as the Greek peninsula at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and whether the Achaeans, who became masters of Greece 500 years later, tried to subjugate the Asian "Minoans" how they conquered the "Minoans" of Europe?

Anything, of course, happens in the world, but it is hardly worth considering the abduction of the Greek woman Helena from Sparta by the Trojan Paris-Alexander as an indisputable historical fact. Rather, it could be a provocation, casus belli (6) capable of justifying a long-planned military campaign. In the end, they did not hesitate in 1645 AD. e. the Turks of Istanbul to throw 400 warships to Crete and seize it, allegedly in revenge for the hijacking of a galley with a princess from the seraglio by the Maltese corsairs? This is indeed a historical fact, and people often unleashed wars under a much less serious pretext.

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