The reasons and the beginning of the Hundred Years War are brief. Historical confrontation of the Hundred Years War. Hundred Years War in the works, the opinion of descendants

27.08.2020

Reasons and prerequisites for the outbreak of the Hundred Years War

In the 30s of the XIV century. normal development of France was interrupted Hundred Years War with England (1337-1453) , which led to the massive destruction of productive forces, population decline and a reduction in production and trade. Heavy misfortunes fell on the French people - the long occupation of France by the British, the ruin and devastation of many territories, the terrible tax oppression, robbery and civil strife of the French feudal lords.

Hundred Years War - a series of military conflicts between England and her allies, on the one hand, and France and her allies, on the other, which lasted from about 1337 to 1453. The war lasted 116 years with small interruptions and was cyclical. Strictly speaking, it was more of a series of conflicts:
- The Edwardian War - 1337-1360.
- Carolingian War - in 1369-1396.
- Lancaster War - 1415-1428
- The final period - in 1428-1453.

The reason for unleashing the Hundred Years War there were claims to the French throne by the English royal dynasty of Plantagenets, seeking to return territories on the continent that had previously belonged to the English kings. The Plantagenets were also related to the French Capetian dynasty. France, in turn, sought to oust the British from Guyenne, which was assigned to them by the Paris Treaty of 1259. Despite the initial successes, England never achieved its goal in the war, and as a result of the war on the continent, she was left with only the port of Calais, which she held until 1558.

Hundred Years War was started by the English king Edward III, who was the maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Handsome of the Capetian dynasty. After the death in 1328 of Charles IV, the last representative of the direct branch of the Capetian, and the coronation of Philip VI (Valois) according to the Salic law, Edward claimed his rights to the French throne. In addition, the monarchs argued over the economically important area of \u200b\u200bGascony, nominally owned by the English king, but in fact controlled by France. In addition, Edward wanted to return the territories lost by his father. For his part, Philip VI demanded that Edward III recognize him as sovereign sovereign. The compromise homage, concluded in 1329, did not satisfy either side. However, in 1331, faced with internal problems, Edward recognized Philip as king of France and abandoned his claims to the French throne (in exchange for this, the British retained their rights to Gascony).

In 1333, Edward went to war with the Scottish king David II, an ally of France. In conditions when the attention of the British was riveted on Scotland, Philip VI decided to seize the opportunity and annex Gascony. However, the war proved successful for the British, and David was forced to flee to France in July after the defeat at Halidon Hill. In 1336, Philip began making plans for a landing in the British Isles for the coronation of David II on the Scottish throne, while planning to annex Gascony. The hostility in relations between the two countries has escalated to the limit.

In the fall of 1337, the British launched an offensive in Picardy. They were supported by Flemish cities and feudal lords, cities in the southwest of France.

Hundred Years War was mainly a struggle over the southwestern French lands under the rule of the English kings. In the early years of the war, the rivalry over Flanders, where the interests of both countries collided, was also of considerable importance. The French kings did not abandon their intentions to subjugate the wealthy Flanders cities. The latter sought to preserve independence with the help of England, with which they were closely linked economically, since they received wool from there - raw material for cloth making.

In the future, the main arena of hostilities Hundred Years War became (along with Normandy) the Southwest, that is, the territory of the former Aquitaine, where England, striving to regain control of these lands, found allies in the person of still independent feudal lords and cities. Economically, Guyenne (the western part of the former Aquitaine) was closely connected with England, where wine, steel, salt, fruits, nuts, and dyes went. The wealth of large cities (Bordeaux, La Rochelle, etc.) largely depended on this very profitable trade for them.

FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1328)

History of France:

The initial stage of the Hundred Years War. Edwardian War (1337-1360)

Hundred Years War began in 1337. The invading English army had a number of advantages over the French: it was small, but well organized, the detachments of mercenary knights were under the command of captains who were directly subordinate to the commander-in-chief; English arrows from the bow, recruited mainly from free peasants, were masters of their craft and played an important role in the battles, supporting the actions of the knightly cavalry. In the French army, which consisted mainly of the knightly militia, there were few shooters, and the knights did not want to reckon with them and coordinate their actions. The army broke up into separate detachments of large feudal lords; really the king commanded only his own, albeit the largest, detachment, that is, only part of the army. The French knights retained the old tactics and began the battle, attacking the enemy with their entire mass. But if the enemy withstood the first onslaught, then later the cavalry was usually divided into separate groups, the knights were dragged from their horses and taken prisoner. Receiving ransoms for captives and plundering the population soon became the main goal of the English knights and archers.

Start Hundred Years War was successful for Edward III. During the first years of the war, Edward managed to conclude alliances with the rulers of the Lower Countries and the burghers of Flanders, but after several fruitless campaigns, the alliance fell apart in 1340. Subsidies allocated by Edward III to the German princes, as well as the costs of maintaining an army abroad, led to the bankruptcy of the English treasury, hitting Edward's prestige hard. At first, France had supremacy at sea, hiring ships and sailors from Genoa. This caused constant fears of a possible threat of the invasion of Philip's troops into the British Isles, which forced Edward III to go to additional expenses, buying wood from Flanders for the construction of ships. Be that as it may, the French fleet, which prevented the landing of British troops on the continent, was almost completely destroyed in the naval battle of Slays in 1340. Thereafter, until the end of the war, Edward III's fleet had supremacy at sea, controlling the English Channel.

In 1341, the War of the Breton Succession broke out, in which Edward supported Jean de Montfort and Philippe Charles de Blois. Over the next years, the war took place in Brittany, and the city of Vannes changed hands several times. Further military campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides. In 1346 Edward, crossing the English Channel, invaded France, landing with an army on the Cotentin Peninsula. Within one day, the British army captured Caen, which caused bewilderment of the French command, who expected a long siege of the city. Philip, having gathered an army, moved towards Edward. Edward moved his troops north to the Low Countries. On the way, his army plundered and looted, holding and seizing territory was not planned. As a result, after lengthy maneuvers, Edward positioned his forces in preparation for the upcoming battle. Philip's troops attacked Edward's army in the famous, which ended in a catastrophic defeat for the French troops and the death of the Bohemian king Johann the Blind, allied to the French. English troops continued their unhindered advance northward and laid siege to Calais, which was taken in 1347. This event was an important strategic success for the British, allowing Edward III to keep his forces on the continent. In the same year, after the victory at Neville's Cross and the capture of David II, the threat from Scotland was eliminated.

In 1346-1351, a plague epidemic swept across Europe ("Black Death"), which claimed hundreds of times more lives than the war, and undoubtedly influenced the activity of hostilities. One of the notable military episodes of this period is the Battle of Thirty between thirty English knights and squires and thirty French knights and squires, which took place on March 26, 1351.

By 1356, England, after an epidemic, was able to recover its finances. In 1356, the 30,000-strong English army under the command of the son of Edward III the Black Prince, starting an invasion from Gascony, inflicted a crushing defeat on the French in, capturing King John II the Good. John the Good signed a truce with Edward. During his capture, the French government began to fall apart. In 1359, the Peace of London was signed, according to which the English crown received Aquitaine, and John was released. Military failures and economic hardships led to popular indignation - the Paris uprising (1357-1358) and Jacquerie (1358). Edward's troops invaded France for the third time. Using an advantageous situation, Edward's troops moved freely through enemy territory, besieged Reims, but later lifted the siege and moved to Paris. Despite the difficult situation in which France was, Edward did not storm either Paris or Reims, the purpose of the campaign was to demonstrate the weakness of the French king and his inability to defend the country. The Dauphin of France, the future King Charles V, was forced to conclude a humiliating peace for himself in Bretigny (1360). Following the first stage Hundred Years War Edward III acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Poitiers, and about half of the vassal holdings of France. The French crown thus lost a third of the territory of France.

The most significant battles of the initial period of the Hundred Years War:

FRANCE AS A RESULT OF THE FIRST STAGE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1360)

History of France:

The second stage of the Hundred Years War. Carolingian War (1369-1396)

When the son of John II the Good, Louis of Anjou, sent to England as a hostage and guarantor that John II would not escape, fled in 1362, John II, following his knightly honor, returned to English captivity. After John died in an honorable captivity in 1364, Charles V became king of France.

The peace signed at Bretigny ruled out Edward's right to claim the French crown. At the same time, Edward expanded his possessions in Aquitaine and firmly established Calais. In fact, Edward never again claimed the French throne, and Charles V began to make plans to reclaim the lands captured by the British. In 1369, under the pretext of Edward's failure to comply with the terms of the peace treaty signed at Bretigny, Charles declared war on England.

Taking advantage of the respite, the French king Charles V (the Wise) reorganized the army and carried out economic reforms. This allowed the French in the second stage Hundred Years War , in the 1370s, achieve significant military successes. The British were driven out of the country. Despite the fact that the war for the Breton succession ended with the victory of the British at the Battle of Aur, the Breton dukes showed loyalty to the French authorities, and the Breton knight Bertrand Dugueclin even became constable of France.

At the same time, the Black Prince was engaged in the war in the Iberian Peninsula from 1366, and Edward III was too old to command the troops. All this favored France. Pedro of Castile, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers John of Gaunt and Edmund Langley, was dethroned in 1370 by Enrique II with the support of the French under the command of Dugueclin. War broke out between Castile and France, on the one hand, and Portugal and England, on the other. With the death of Sir John Chandos, Seneschal of Poitou, and the capture of the Captale de Buche, England lost her best military leaders in their person. Dugueclin, following a cautious "Fabian" strategy, in a series of campaigns, avoiding clashes with large English armies, liberated many cities, such as Poitiers (1372) and Bergerac (1377). The allied Franco-Castilian fleet gained a confident, destroying the English squadron. For its part, the British command undertook a series of devastating predatory raids, but Dugueclin again managed to avoid clashes.

With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the minor son of Prince Richard II came to the throne of England. Bertrand Dugueclin died in 1380, but England had a new threat in the north from Scotland. In 1388, English forces were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Otterburn. In connection with the extreme exhaustion of both sides in 1396, they concluded an armistice in Hundred Years War .

The most significant battles of the second period of the Hundred Years War:

FRANCE AS A RESULT OF THE SECOND STAGE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1396)

The third stage of the Hundred Years War. Lancaster War (1415-1428)

At the end of the XIV century, the French king Charles VI went crazy, and soon a new armed conflict broke out between his cousin, the Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, and his brother, Louis of Orleans. After the assassination of Louis, the Armagnacs, opposing the party of Jean the Fearless, seized power. By 1410, both sides wanted to call on British troops to help. England, weakened by internal troubles and uprisings in Ireland and Wales, entered into a new war with Scotland. In addition, two more civil wars raged in the country. Richard II spent most of his reign in the fight against Ireland. By the time Richard was deposed and Henry IV's accession to the English throne, the Irish problem had not been resolved. On top of that, a rebellion broke out in Wales under the leadership of Owain Glyndwr, which was finally suppressed only by 1415. For several years Wales was actually an independent country. Taking advantage of the change of kings in England, the Scots conducted several raids into English lands. However, British forces, launched a counteroffensive, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402. Following these events, Earl Henry Percy raised a rebellion against the king, which resulted in a long and bloody struggle, which ended only in 1408. During these difficult years, England, among other things, survived the raids of French and Scandinavian pirates, which dealt a heavy blow to its fleet and trade. Due to all these problems, intervention in French affairs was postponed until 1415.

Since accession to the throne, King Henry IV of England has been making plans to invade France. However, these plans were only carried out by his son, Henry V. In 1414, he refused the alliance to the Armagnacs. His plans included the return of territories that belonged to the English crown under Henry II. In August 1415, his army landed near Harfleur and captured the city. The third stage has begun Hundred Years War .

Wanting to march to Paris, the king, out of caution, chose a different path, which was adjacent to Calais occupied by the British. Due to the fact that the British army lacked food, and the British command made a number of strategic miscalculations, Henry V was forced to go on the defensive. Despite an unfavorable start to the campaign, the British won a decisive victory over the superior forces of the French.

During the third phase Hundred Years War Henry captured most of Normandy, including Caen (1417) and Rouen (1419). Having entered into an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, who seized Paris after the assassination of Jean the Fearless in 1419, in five years the English king subdued about half of the territory of France. In 1420, Henry met in negotiations with the mad king Charles VI, with whom he signed a treaty in Troyes, according to which Henry V was declared the heir of Charles VI the Mad, bypassing the legitimate heir of the Dauphin Charles (in the future, King Charles VII). After the conclusion of the Treaty in Troyes, until 1801 the kings of England bore the title of kings of France. The following year, Henry entered Paris, where the agreement was officially confirmed by the States General.

Henry's successes ended with the landing of the six thousandth Scottish army in France. In 1421, John Stuart, Earl of Buchan, defeated the outnumbered English army at the Battle of God. The English commander and most of the high-ranking British commanders were killed in the battle. Shortly after this defeat, King Henry V dies at Meaux in 1422. His only one-year-old son was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to the son of King Charles, and therefore the war continued.

What could be worse than a war, when hundreds of thousands of people die for the interests of politicians and those in power. And all the more terrible are the protracted military conflicts, during which people get used to living in conditions where death can overtake them at any moment, and human life has no value. This was precisely the reason, stages, results and biographies of the characters of which deserve careful study.

The reasons

Before studying what were the results of the Hundred Years War, one should understand its premises. It all started with the fact that the sons of the French king Philip the Fourth left behind no male heirs. At the same time, the monarch's own grandson from Isabella's daughter, the English king Edward the Third, who ascended the throne of England in 1328 at the age of 16, was alive. However, he could not claim the throne of France, according to the Salic law. Thus, in France, she reigned in the person of Philip the Sixth, who was the nephew of Philip the Fourth, and Edward the Third in 1331 was forced to take his vassal oath for Gascony - a French region considered the personal property of the English monarchs.

The beginning and the first stage of the war (1337-1360)

6 years after the events described, Edward III decided to fight for the throne of his grandfather and sent a challenge to Philip the Sixth. Thus began the Hundred Years War, the reasons and results of which are of great interest to those who study the history of Europe. After the declaration of war, the British launched an offensive against Picardy, in which they were supported by the inhabitants of Flanders and the feudal lords of the southwestern counties of France.

In the first years after the outbreak of armed conflict, hostilities proceeded with varying degrees of success until the naval battle of Slice took place in 1340. As a result of the British victory, the English Channel came under their control and remained so until the end of the war. Thus, in the summer of 1346, nothing could prevent the troops of Edward III from crossing the strait and capturing the city of Caen. From there, the British army followed to Crecy, where the famous battle took place on August 26, which ended with their triumph, and in 1347 they captured the city of Calais. In parallel with these events, hostilities unfolded in Scotland. However, fortune continued to smile at Edward III, who defeated the army of this kingdom at the Battle of Neville's Cross and eliminated the threat of war on two fronts.

The plague pandemic and the conclusion of peace in Bretigny

In 1346-1351 the Black Death visited Europe. This plague pandemic claimed so many lives that there could be no question of continuing hostilities. The only outstanding event of this period, sung in ballads, was the Battle of Thirty, when the English and French knights and squires staged a massive duel, which was watched by several hundred peasants. After the end of the plague, England resumed hostilities, which were mainly led by the Black Prince - the eldest son of Edward III. In 1356 he defeated and captured the French king John II. Later, in 1360, the Dauphin of France, who was to become King Charles the Fifth, signed the so-called Peace in Bretigny on very unfavorable terms for himself.

Thus, the results of the Hundred Years War at its first stage were as follows:

France was completely demoralized;
England acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais and almost half of the enemy's vassal possessions, i.e. John II lost power over a third of the territory of his country;
Edward III pledged, on his own behalf and on behalf of his descendants, to no longer claim the throne of his grandfather;
the second son of John II - Louis of Anjou - was sent to London as a hostage in exchange for the return of his father to France.

Peace period from 1360 to 1369

After the end of hostilities, the peoples of the countries involved in the conflict received a respite that lasted 9 years. During this time, Louis of Anjou fled from England, and his father, being a knight true to his word, went into voluntary captivity, where he died. After his death, he ascended the throne of France, which in 1369 unjustly accused the British of violating the peace treaty and resumed hostilities against them.

Second phase

Usually those who study the course and results of the Hundred Years War characterize the time interval between 1369 and 1396 as a series of constant battles, in which, in addition to the main participants, the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and Scotland were also involved. During this period, the following important events took place:

in 1370 in Castile, with the help of the French, Enrique II came to power, who became their faithful ally;
the city of Poitiers was liberated two years later;
in 1372, at the battle of La Rochelle, the Franco-Castilian combined fleet defeated a British squadron;
4 years later the Black Prince died;
in 1377, Edward III died, and the minor Richard II ascended to the throne of England;
from 1392 the king of France began to show signs of insanity;
four years later, an armistice was concluded, caused by the extreme exhaustion of the opponents.

Truce (1396-1415)

When the madness of the king became obvious to everyone, civil strife broke out in the country, in which the party of Armagnacs won. The situation was no better in England, which entered a new war with Scotland, which was also supposed to pacify the rebellious Ireland and Wales. In addition, Richard II was overthrown there, and Henry IV, and then his son, took over the throne. Thus, until 1415, both countries were unable to continue the war and were in a state of armed truce.

Third stage (1415-1428)

Those who investigate the course and consequences of the Hundred Years War usually call it the most interesting event the appearance of such a historical phenomenon as a woman warrior who was able to become the head of the army of knights-feudal lords. We are talking about Jeanne d'Arc, born in 1412, whose personality was greatly influenced by the events that took place in 1415-1428. Historical science considers this period to be the third stage of the Hundred Years War and singles out the following events as key:

the battle of Agincourt in 1415, in which Henry the Fifth won;
the signing of the treaty in Troyes, according to which the distraught King Charles the Sixth declared the King of England his heir;
the capture of Paris by the British in 1421;
the death of Henry the Fifth and the proclamation of his one-year-old son as king of England and France;
the defeat of the former Dauphin Charles, whom a significant part of the French considered the rightful king, at the Battle of Kravan;
the British siege of Orleans, which began in 1428, during which the world first learned the name of Jeanne d'Arc.

End of the war (1428-1453)

The city of Orleans was of great strategic importance. If the British managed to capture it, then the answer to the question "what are the results of the Hundred Years War" would be completely different, and the French could even lose their independence. Fortunately for this country, a girl who called herself Jeanne the Virgin was sent down to her. She arrived at the Dauphin Charles in March 1429 and announced that the Lord had commanded her to stand at the head of the French army and lift the siege of Orleans. After a series of interrogations and tests, Karl believed her and appointed the commander-in-chief of his troops. As a result, on May 8, Orleans was saved, on June 18, Jeanne's army defeated the British army at the Battle of Path, and on June 29, at the insistence of the Virgin of Orleans, the Dauphin's “Bloodless campaign” to Reims began. There he was crowned, but soon after that he stopped listening to the warrior's advice.

A few years later, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians, who handed the girl over to the British, and they executed her, accusing her of hereticism and idolatry. However, the results of the Hundred Years War were already predetermined, and even the death of the Orleans virgin could not prevent the liberation of France. The last battle in this war was the Battle of Castiglion when the British lost Gascony, which had belonged to them for over 250 years.

Results of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

As a result of this protracted inter-dynastic armed conflict, England lost all of its continental territories in France, leaving only the port of Calais. In addition, in response to a question about the results of the Hundred Years War, experts in the field of military history answer that as a result of it, the methods of warfare have radically changed, and new types of weapons have been created.

Aftermath of the Hundred Years War

The echoes of this armed conflict predetermined relations between England and France for centuries to come. In particular, until 1801, the English, and then the monarchs of Great Britain bore the title of kings of France, which in no way contributed to the establishment of friendly ties.

Now you know when there was the Hundred Years War, the reasons, course, results and motives of the main characters of which have been the subject of study of many historians for almost 6 centuries.

In the XIV century, the largest and longest confrontation between England and France began, which later became known as the Hundred Years War. This is the most important part of European history, the study of which is included in the obligatory minimum of knowledge required to successfully pass the specialized exams. In this article, we will briefly review the causes and outcomes, as well as the chronological sequence of these significant events.

The material in this article is important, because in 1 and 11, and sometimes in 6 tasks, to successfully complete them, you need to know the material of World History.

Causes and the beginning of the war

The name implies a reasonable question: "How long did the main battle of the Middle Ages actually last?" An armed confrontation was fought between two powerful European powers and formally lasted more than a hundred years (1337-1453). The conflict was provoked by the clash of political interests of the royal families. In fact, this event included three stages that occurred at different time intervals.

It all began with the death of the French monarch Charles IV (the Handsome), who was the last legitimate heir to the Capetian ruling dynasty. According to the rules of succession to the throne, power was taken over by Charles' cousin, Philip VI Valois. However, the current king of England, Edward III, was the grandson of the deceased king, which gave him the authority to claim the French throne. France, of course, was categorically against the foreign ruler. This is the official reason for the start of the conflict.

Charles IV Handsome. Lived 1294 - 1328

In fact, it was a struggle of interests for the French lands. The British wanted to take possession of Flanders, an industrial region with a developed economy, and also to reclaim the lost territories that had previously belonged to the English crown.

In turn, France claimed its former possessions - Guienne and Gascony, which at that time were under the rule of the British. The parties could not find official reasons for resolving mutual claims until the English king Edward III officially declared his rights to the French throne, backing up his intentions with military actions in Picardy.

Chronology of events

First step

The first part of the Anglo-French confrontation began in 1337 and is referred to in some sources as the Edwardian War.

England began its confident attack on French lands. Excellent combat readiness and the confused state of the enemy, helped the British to easily capture the territories of interest to them. In addition, some of the local population, tired of war and poverty, was on the side of the invaders.

Edward III. Lived 1312 - 1377

However, the successful conquests, oddly enough, had a negative impact on the economic state of England. Having entered into an unprofitable military alliance with the Netherlands, and irrationally disposing of income in general, Edward III soon brought the English treasury to a state of ruin. This fact significantly slowed down the course of hostilities and in the next 20 years, events developed as follows:

1340 - defeat of the French fleet, capture of the English Channel.
1346 - Battle of Crecy. The turning point in the course of the war. The decisive victory of the British and the total defeat of the French army. King Edward III gains dominion over northern France.
1347 - the date of the conquest of the French port of Calais and the signing of a formal truce. In fact, hostilities continued from time to time.
1355 - the son of Edward III, nicknamed the "Black Prince", again launched an offensive against France, thereby finally annulling the concluded peace agreement.

Meanwhile, the French economic situation is in a state of utter decline. The authority of the crown has been unconditionally undermined, the country is ravaged by war, and the locals are suffering from poverty and hunger. In addition, taxes were getting higher - somehow it was necessary to feed the army and the remnants of the fleet.

All these events and the stalemate in France led to the signing of several peace agreements in 1360, according to which England gained dominion over almost a third of the French lands.

Second phase

After nine years of a humiliating truce for France, its new ruler Charles V decided to try to recapture the occupied territories, unleashing a new military conflict in 1369, called the Carolingian War.

During the years of the armistice, the French state restored its forces and resources, and reorganized the army.

At that moment, England launched a military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula, experienced a popular uprising and bloody clashes with Scotland. All these factors played into the hands of the recovered France, and she gradually managed (in the period from 1370 to 1377) to return almost all of its occupied cities. In 1396, the parties again signed a truce.

Stage three

Despite its internal fragmentation, England did not want to be the loser. At that time, Henry V was king. He thoroughly prepared and organized the first attack after a long truce, which no one expected. In 1415, the decisive battle of Agincourt took place, where France was forced to surrender. In subsequent battles, the entire northern part of France was captured, which allowed the British to dictate their terms. Thus, in 1420 a peace treaty was signed, according to which:

The current King of France, Charles IV, abdicates the throne.

Henry V marries the sister of the French monarch and becomes heir to the throne.

The population of the defeated side was divided into two warring camps. The part that supported the British was exhausted by high taxes, robberies and robberies. Nevertheless, all large territories of France were conquered over time by the occupiers.

The end of the war

A decisive role in the further course of history was played by the famous Maid of Orleans - Jeanne D "arc. A simple village girl led the militia and led the defense of the city of Orleans from the siege of the British. She managed to awaken the fighting spirit of the French, tired of endless battles, and it was thanks to her that a large part of the conquered territories in less than a year.The French again believed in themselves and in their independence.

Zhanna D "Ark. Reconstruction

The British tried at all costs to deprive their opponents of their inspired leader, and in 1430 Jeanne was taken prisoner and burned at the stake.

Contrary to expectations, after the death of Jeanne, the French citizens did not lose their fighting spirit, but on the contrary continued the offensive with fury and ferocity. In this regard, the religious aspect played a significant role, since D "ark was considered a saint, a performer of God's providence, after being burned she was ranked among the martyrs. In addition, the people were tired of poverty and suffocating taxes, so the return of independence at any cost was a matter of life and death.

Until 1444, armed clashes continued, both sides suffered from raging epidemics of cholera and plague. It is not hard to guess who won this protracted battle.

In 1453, the war finally ended with the surrender of the British.

Outcome

England lost all of its conquered territories in France, with the exception of the port of Calais.
Both sides carried out domestic military reforms, completely changing army policy and introducing new types of weapons.

Relations between England and France for several centuries could be characterized as "cold". Until 1801, English monarchs formally bore the title of kings of France.

Expert opinion

"... The people who lived in Europe between 1337 and 1453 did not even suspect that they were living in the era of the Hundred Years War ..."

Historian Natalia Basovskaya

“Everything perishes when the head of the state is, replacing each other, meager people. Unity disintegrates on the rubble of greatness. "

Maurice Druon "When the King Ruins France".

In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic is just a drop in the ocean of World history. We analyze all topics both in the history of Russia and in the World in the form of video lessons and presentations, info cards in our preparation courses for the exam.

The history of mankind is full of terrible wars. Some lasted literally for several days, others for many years. The longest war that took place in the Middle Ages was called the Hundred Years War. In short, it lasted 116 years.
The Hundred Years War is a prolonged military conflict between France and England, which began in 1337 and ended in 1453. More precisely, it was a series of military clashes. The name of this longest feud in history appeared at the beginning of the 19th century.
Causes of the war
There were several of them. On the part of France, it was a desire to oust the British from the original French land in Hyena. The British authorities, on the contrary, sought to defend this province, and at the same time to regain the recently lost rich lands of Normandy and Anjou. Fueled conflict and confrontation over Flanders, which formally belonged to France, but maintained close trade ties with England. I must say that the inhabitants of Flanders did not at all strive to completely pass under the rule of the French king and in the future conflict took the side of England.
The Hundred Years War, in short, began over the claims made by Edward III to the French throne. In fact, its origins go back to the distant 11th century, when the Duke of Normandy, William, conquered England. He became king of this country, but at the same time retained his possessions in France. And so it happened that England for a long time owned part of the French lands.

The course of the war
The first stage of the war fell on the period from 1337 to 1360. The French were defeated in all battles, lost the port of Calais and were forced to agree to difficult peace conditions. The main reason for the failure was the backward French army and outdated weapons. Charles V, King of France, realized this and decided to close the gap between his army and the English. He successfully reorganized the army, partially replacing the knights with mercenary infantry, and also put things in order in the tax system. This led to the success of France during the second phase of the Hundred Years War in 1369-80. British troops were driven out of the previously occupied territories to the sea. Now England was already agreeing to a truce.
The third period of the Hundred Years War (1415-24) fell on a very difficult period for France and ended in complete defeat. Almost the entire territory was in the hands of the enemy.
And then the third force entered the war - the French people. A partisan war began. With the appearance in the ranks of the popular militias of Jeanne d'Arc, the war went well for France and ended in 1453 with the surrender of the British army.

THE CENTENARY WAR, 1337-1453 between England and France for Guyenne (from the 12th century English possession), Normandy, Anjou (lost by the British in the 13th century), Flanders. The reason - the claims of the English king Edward III (grandson of the French king Philip IV) to the French throne after the death of the French king Charles IV (who left no sons). England won the battles of Slays (1340), Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356). The Bretigny Treaty of 1360 secured to England a significant part of French territory. In the 70s. 14th century the British were almost completely expelled from France. However, after the victory at Agincourt (1415), the British, in alliance with the Burgundians, captured the north of France (with Paris). Resistance to the British was led by Jeanne d "Arc. In 1429, French troops, led by her, lifted the siege of Orleans. A hundred-year war ended with the surrender of the British in Bordeaux (1453). England kept only Calais on French territory (until 1558). The beginning of the war.The Hundred Years War began as a dynastic conflict: the King of England Edward III, maternal grandson of the King of France Philip IV, put forward his rights to the French throne, challenging the legality of the rule of King Philip VI of France, nephew of Philip IV in the male line. The conflict was complicated by claims to Guyenne, a duchy in France, vassal (see. Vassalage) the French crown, but belonged to the English kings. The beginning of the war was marked by strikes from the sea by the fleets of England and France on the shores of a hostile country. In 1340, off the coast near the Dutch city of Slays, the French fleet was completely destroyed by the English.In January 1346 Edward III landed with an army in France and on August 26, 1346 at the Battle of Crecy inflicted a crushing defeat on the French; in June 1347 was taken CalaisEdward III successfully opposed the knightly militia of the French with a single national army of the British, which consisted largely of commoner foot soldiers who served for hire. In 1356 the English ruler of Guyenne, Edward Black Prince in the battle of Poitiers September 19 utterly defeated the superior forces of the French; king of france John II the Good was captured, and a ransom of 2.5 (according to another version - 3) million livres was appointed. The capture of the king, the knights' failure to fulfill their duty to defend the country, a sharp increase in taxes for the ransom of John II caused popular unrest, which resulted in an uprising Etienne Marcel and Jacquerie.Peace in BretignyIn 1360, a peace was signed in Bretigny, according to which the English possessions in Guienne quadrupled, but Edward III renounced claims to the French crown. In 1369 hostilities resumed. Bertrand Dugueclin, who was appointed constable (commander-in-chief) of France in 1370, reformed the army on the basis of mercenaries, strengthened the role of the infantry, changed tactics, moving from battles to small skirmishes, and achieved significant success. By the end of the 14th century. in the hands of England remained several cities on the coast, and in 1396 an armistice was concluded for a period of 28 years. Renewal of hostilitiesIn France, in 1392, the struggle for regency began under the mad king Charles VI, which resulted in a civil war between Armagnacs and Bourguignons. Taking advantage of this, the king of England Henry V in 1414 landed in France and October 24, 1415 at the battle of Agincourt inflicted a heavy defeat. Having captured Normandy, he set about the systematic conquest of France. Head of the Bourguignons, Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless went over to the side of the British, but then began negotiations with the head of the Armagnacs, the heir to the French throne, Dauphin Charles, the future Charles VII... During negotiations, on September 10, 1419, he was killed by the Dauphin's followers. His son, Duke of Burgundy Philip the Goodseeking to avenge his father, in December 1419 he entered into an Anglo-Burgundian alliance, and on May 21, 1420 in Troyes, an agreement was signed between England and France, according to which Henry V was declared regent and heir to France, and Dauphin Charles was deprived of his rights to the throne; the north of France was subjected to the Anglo-Burgundian occupation. After the death of Henry V and Charles VI in 1422, Henry VI became the sovereign of the united England and France, and Charles VII, who also declared himself king of France, held on to the south of the country. The British road to the south was barred by Orleans, the siege of which began in October 1428. The turning point in the war. Expulsion of the British.The humiliation of France caused a patriotic upsurge, a vivid expression of which was the activity Jeanne d'Arc... The lifting of the siege of Orleans on 8 May 1429, the defeat of the British at Path on 18 June, the campaign against Reims and the coronation of Charles VII on 17 July marked a turning point in the war. The people decided that God had turned away from the British and took the side of France. The failure of the French under British-occupied Paris in September 1429, the capture of Joan of Arc in 1430 slowed down the liberation of France, but did not interrupt this process. In 1435, a peace congress was held in Arras; Reconciliation between England and France was not achieved, but Philip the Good broke the alliance with England and recognized Charles VII as the legitimate king of France.Thanks to this, in 1436 Charles VII entered Paris, Normandy was liberated in the 1440s, and after the Battle of Formigny (1450) he was The north of France was cleared of the British. As early as 1445, Charles VII established a professional army, formed according to recruitment and reinforced with artillery. In the fall of 1450 - in the spring of 1451, he launched an offensive in the south. On May 30, 1451, the capital of English Guyenne, Bordeaux, was taken. However, in the fall of 1452, the British recaptured Bordeaux, tried to capture Guienne again, but on July 16, 1453 they were defeated at Castillon; October 19 of the same year, the English garrison in Bordeaux surrendered to the mercy of victory body. The end of the war and its resultsThe last date is considered the end of the Hundred Years War, although the peace treaty was signed only in 1475, and the last stronghold of the British in France - Calais - was conquered by the French only in 1558.The Hundred Years War, which began as a struggle for the throne between related dynasties, turned into an interethnic conflict. which was attended by all segments of the population. In this war, ideas about the national state were formed, there was a transition from a knightly war, waged by the forces of suzerains and vassals, to a state war, carried out by a professional army.

8 ticket. War of the Scarlet and White Roses in England. (1455-1484) Causes of the war. The reasons for the war were the difficult economic situation in England (the crisis of a large patrimonial economy and the fall in its profitability), the defeat of England in the Hundred Years War (1453), which deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France; the suppression of the Jack Cad rebellion in 1451 (see the Cad Jack rebellion) and with it the forces opposing feudal anarchy. Lancaster relied mainly on the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland, Yorkie - on the feudal lords of the economically more developed southeast of England. The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy townspeople, interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of solid power, supported the Yorks. Under the feeble-minded King Henry VI of Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a clique of several large feudal lords, which aroused discontent in the rest segments of the population. Taking advantage of this discontent, Richard, Duke of York, gathered around him his vassals and went with them to London. At the Battle of St Albans on May 22, 1455, he defeated the followers of the Scarlet Rose. Soon removed from power, he rebelled again and declared his claims to the English throne. With the army of his followers, he won victories over the enemy at Blore Heath (September 23, 1459) and North Hampton (July 10, 1460); during the latter, he captured the king, after which he forced the upper house to recognize itself as the protector of the state and heir to the throne. But Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI, and her followers unexpectedly attacked him at Wakefield (December 30, 1460). Richard was utterly defeated and fell in battle. Enemies chopped off his head and put it on the wall of York in a paper crown. His son Edward, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, defeated the supporters of the Lancaster dynasty at Mortimers Cross (February 2, 1461) and Toughton (March 29, 1461). Henry VI was deposed; he and Margarita fled to Scotland. The victor became King Edward IV. Edward IV. However, the war continued. In 1464 Edward IV defeated the Lancastrian supporters in the north of England. Henry VI was taken prisoner and imprisoned in the Tower. The desire of Edward IV to strengthen his power and limit the freedoms of the feudal nobility led to the revolt of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled England, Henry VI in October 1470 was restored to the throne. In 1471, Edward IV at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May 4) defeated the army of Warwick and the army of Henry VI's wife Margaret, who landed in England with the support of the French king Louis XI. Warwick was killed, Henry VI was deposed in April 1471 and died (presumably killed) in the Tower of May 21, 1471. The end of the war After the victory, in order to strengthen his power, Edward IV began brutal reprisals against both the representatives of the Lancaster dynasty and the rebellious Yorks and their supporters. After the death of Edward IV on April 9, 1483, the throne passed to his young son Edward V, but power was seized by the younger brother of Edward IV, the future king Richard III, who first declared himself the protector of the young king, and then deposed him and ordered him to be strangled in the Tower along with his younger brother Richard (August (?) 1483). Attempts by Richard III to consolidate his power caused uprisings of the feudal magnates. Executions and confiscations of property turned supporters of both groups against him. Both the Lancaster and York dynasties united around Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancaster, who lived in France at the court of King Charles VIII. On August 7 or 8, 1485, Henry landed at Milford Haven, passed through Wales unhindered, and joined up with his supporters. From their combined army, Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485; he himself was killed. Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Marrying Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth, the heiress of York, he combined the scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last revelry of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was conducted with terrible ferocity and was accompanied by numerous killings and executions. In the struggle, both dynasties were exhausted and perished. The war brought strife, oppression of taxes, plundering of the treasury, lawlessness of large feudal lords, the decline of trade, direct robberies and requisitions to the population of England. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased and the influence of the new nobility and the merchant merchant stratum increased, which became the backbone of the Tudor absolutism.