It is difficult to present a comfortable house or apartment without warm water. The correct organization is necessary not only for domestic needs, but is the basis of individual hygiene. Warm morning shower or a relaxing evening bath have become familiar everyday procedures. But few know the specifics of the DHW organization. What are these important requirements to be observed in the design of the system and how to monitor its condition? For answers to these questions, it is necessary to sort out the fundamental principles of hot water supply.

What is a DHW: tasks and functions

The main function of this system is the provision of water with due indicator of the temperature of residential or production facilities. It is necessary to take into account the quality of the fluid, the characteristics of its pressure in the pipes and the method of increasing the temperature to the desired indicator. Depending on the last parameter, the GWS system is divided into 2 types:

• Central. Water heating occurs on thermal substations (CTP) and already from them with the help of pipelines consumers are submitted.
• Autonomous. To achieve the necessary temperature regime, special heating devices are set - boilers, cumulative boilers or this type of DHW organization is intended for a small area of \u200b\u200bthe room - apartments or at home.

Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. The central system is more convenient for consumers, but only if its work is constant and corresponds to temperature and alas, but this situation in our country is rather an exception than the rule. Central DHW - What is it, a reliable way to ensure comfort in an apartment or "headache" for consumers? This largely depends on the degree of execution of local regulatory and control bodies.

The autonomous method is more cost, as it requires the installation of special equipment, gaskets of water pipes. However, its operational characteristics and the degree of comfort are much superior to the central DHW. The consumer itself can set the temperature level, control the energy consumption.

Hot water requirements

Frequent planned shutdowns and low temperature regime are the main disadvantages of central hot water supply. Such situations occur often, but according to current laws, their frequency is strictly regulated. Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 defines the following norms:

The composition of the water B. obligatory Must comply with SanPine sanitary standards 2.1.4.2496-09.

To monitor the coolant consumption, install special devices for the DHW. Counters are mounted only by representatives of the management organization, with which the contract for the supply of hot water in an apartment or house.

Autonomous systems

The practical implementation of these systems requires a professional approach to each stage of work. For design, the main types of autonomous DHW should be known. What is it, and how effectively a certain type will work, depends on the initial technical parameters.

Cumulative

In the boiler of the cumulative device, water is taken from an external source and subsequent heating to the desired temperature. The DHW scheme of this type is applicable for country houses and cottages.

Modern boiler designs have a number of additional features:

• Several modes of operation - economical, optimal and maximum. It is also possible to delay the start of heating.
• The insulation of the housing ensures the maintenance of heat, which directly affects the energy consumption.
• Large selection of models, differing depending on the useful volume, functional and performance characteristics.

To achieve the desired temperature level use electrical heating elements - Tan.

Forthworthy

In apartment buildings, the use of heat exchanger water heaters is popular. Depending on the installed equipment, the following types of devices exist:

• flow heaters;
• dual-circuit boilers heating.

As energy carriers, electrical energy or thermal, resulting from burning gas can be used. The last method is preferable, as it is less costly financially and more efficient due to its low inertia.

Regardless of the choice, any GWS system must comply with the standards, perform their direct functions and be absolutely safe for users.

What is an open hot water system and how is it arranged? Today we will have to get to know the device of heating and DHW systems, typical of the absolute majority of buildings built during the existence of the Soviet Union. We will study their basic elements, and we will try to evaluate the key features of such a water supply scheme.

About terminology

At the beginning, a few words about how correctly the definition of the "open water supply scheme" itself.

It is a linguistic error and represents a distortion of a completely different concept. The correct term is an open heat supply scheme. It is called an open because of the heating system, the heat carrier is possible - heated in the CHP or local boiler water water.

Nevertheless: we will react with respect to the established system of definitions, and in the future we will use the term "open water supply scheme".

How it all arranged

So, how is the open heat supply system - hot water supply?

Very simple:

• Two threads of the heating maintenance (feeding and reverse) are entering the house;

• DHW filling is connected to both heat supply threads through shut-off reinforcement - valves, valves, or ball valves;

• Depending on the time of year, hot water is included with the feed or from the reverse pipeline of the heating main. The fact is that the temperature of the coolant varies depending on the street temperature, compensating for the heat loss of the buildings in the cold.

Help: A very popular temperature schedule "150/70" implies water heating on the feed in the peak of frosts to + 150 ° C. At the same time, the water temperature in the hot water supply system is limited by the current regulatory documents by the value of 75 ° C.

Let's get acquainted in more detail with all the elements that include the scheme of open hot water supply.

Learn more about what an open water supply system is and how it works, you will help you video in this article.

Elevator knot

An elevator knot, or a heat point - this is a complex of shut-off-regulating reinforcement, which provides a house with warmth and hot water. There may be several heating elevator nodes in the house, but a heat center with DHW, with a rare exception, only one.

Heart of the thermal point is a water jet elevator. The tutor with a nozzle inside serves to mix hot and under high pressure Water with feeding to colder water from the return pipe deployed to recycling.

Thus, two problems are solved at once:

1. It decreases to a minimum water consumption with filing. Thus, it is minimized by the loss of the pressure on the long branches of the heat mains;
2. The rate of circulation of the coolant in the heating circuit increases (as the water volume involved in it increases). As a result, the heating devices at the beginning of the contour and at its end are heated to temperatures that are slightly different from each other: with +70 degrees on the return and +150 on the supply, water is supplied to the heating system with a temperature of 95 ° C.

DHW rugs are always performed between the elevator and the inlets or ball valves. Sometimes intermediate valves are put between the inserts and the elevator, allowing, for example, to remove the elevator for calibration or boring the size of the nozzle with continuous supply of hot water into the DHW system at home.

For buildings built before the mid-70s of the last century, the dead-ended wiring of the DHW is typical: these open hot water systems are divorced by the unique bottling.

The deadlock has two quite serious disadvantages:

1. The dryers for towels connected to the hot water liners are heated only when the tenants of the apartments open taps on hot water supply. About the full heating of bathrooms and bathrooms is not in principle.
2. Opening the crane, you have for a long time to wait for water heating. In the morning, this process often takes 3-5 minutes.

The captain is obvious suggests: if water counters, you pay for cold water consumption, which is useless to merge into the sewer. But pay for it to the much higher rates of DHW.

In newer buildings, a scheme of an open hot water system with recycling is used. Hot water continuously circulates through two DHW bottles and linked linked on the upper floors or in attics. Heated towel rails are always hot, and water heats up within a few seconds after you opened the crane.

How is such an open water supply system implemented in terms of connecting to the elevator node?

It is very simple: instead of two inserts (in the feed and reverse), the DHW system connects to the heat supply threads at four points. Two on the feed and on the return pipeline.

Depending on the time of year, the DHW can be connected in three schemes:

1. Feed - reverse. This scheme is used only in summer, outside heating season. The fact is that for the water-based elevator, the DHW system connected in this way is a bypass that quenches the pressure drop;

1. Feed - Feed. The scheme is used in spring and autumn when the coolant of the feed thread is not higher than 80 degrees;
2. Fitting - FIRE. So the DHW operates at the peak of the temperature schedule, in severe cold.

Obviously, for circulating water in a closed circuit, a pressure drop is needed. It is always between the feed and back threads of the heating industry. But how is the difference between two inserts in one thread?

Retaining washers. On the flange between the inserts is mounted steel pancake with a hole of 1 mm more holes in the nozzle of the elevator. With this size, the washer creates a differential (minor, no more than 0.1 - 0.2 atmospheres) and does not prevent the work of the elevator.

Curious: heat carrier in heating industry - technical water that does not pass careful cleaning, and often carrying a large amount of suspension. Due to the abrasive wear, the washers have to change once every 3-4 years.

Pouring

As mentioned, the scheme of the open water supply system may include one or two bottling. What is bottling?

This is just a horizontal pipe divided by basement (less often - by attic) and responsible for the flow of water to risers. The diameter of the GVS filling varies from 25 to 100 millimeters depending on the number of connected consumers. Rosels are mounted on backups (brackets, consoles, etc.), fixed on the bulkheads of the basement, or on the suspension to the overlap between the basement and the first floor.

Filling has two typical problems:

1. Cheating. In the slow motion of the water contained in it, the suspension is settled on horizontal areas of pipes. To combat driving at the ends of bottling, discharges are often mounted, allowing flushing;
2. Ingroup deposits (in black steel pipes). The pipes on cold water are faster, but the DHW also suffers from lime deposits and rust. Sometimes scored bottling can be cleaned with a sewer wire, but more often when the pipe bandwidth is dropped, simply change.

Tanders

Any water supply is open or closed - includes a system of risers based water on floors. The riser is a vertical pipe with a diameter of 20-32 mm, from which the apartment is divorced to the waterproof points.

In the DHW systems with recirculation, four types can be found:

1. With connected to the liner points of water treatment;
2. With a rimming set or parallel to him with heated towel rails;
3. With both types of plumbing devices;
4. Idle (circulating) risers.

Diameter

For the tenant of an apartment building, all calculations in the open water system are reduced to the selection of pipe diameter (eyeliner and risers). What are the diameters to use when repairing, replacing or installing with your own hands of hot water supply water supply?

Standard size of steel water supply supply - D15. A deadlock or circulating risker with water separation points has a size of DU25 - DU32, idling - D20.

When choosing the size of pipes it is useful to remember a pair of subtleties:

1. Du (it is the conditional pass) approximately corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipe. Plastic and metal-polymer pipes are marked with an outer diameter, so their size should be one step more than steel (DN20 instead of DU15 and so on);

1. When replacing old pipes, the bandwidth of the new water supply should not be lower. Simply put, the inner diameter of new risers and eyeliner should be at least no less than old.

Material

On hot water with feed from elevator assembly You can only use metal pipes (see). The instruction is associated with the notorious instability of water supply parameters: with hydrowards or overheating, metal-plastic or polypropylene water pipes are very often the cause of the flooding of apartments.

Note: If the apartment's tenant has changed the pipes independently, and used the material not provided for by the building project, all damage from flooding to be coated to it.

Here they are:

Picture	Description
	Copper (see). They can be mounted on soldering fittings, on compression or press fittings. Copper transfers pressure jumps up to 200-240 kgf / cm2 and heating to 150 degrees, hydrowood and even defrost.
	Stainless corrugated. With the same characteristics, they can boast extremely simple installation: the fitting connection is collected in 30 seconds with a pair of gas or adjustable keys.

Conclusion

We hope that we managed to satisfy the curiosity of the reader. Learn more about what an open water supply system is and how it works, you will help you video in this article. Successes!

What is it - an open heat supply system, and how does it differ from closed? How is this scheme implemented? How beneficial is it beneficial to the consumer? Let's try to figure it out.

Hello everybody

Let's start with the view of the participants and find out what the open and closed systems are different:

• In the first case, water for the needs of hot water is selected from the heating system;

Open only CLC systems that feed on the thermal power center or boiler rooms are open. In the autonomous heating system, the DHW can use the same heat source (examples - a double-circuit boiler or an indirect heating boiler), but water for heating is always taken from the HY system.

• In the second case, the heating circuit is closed, and the entire volume of the coolant passing through it returns to recycling into a boiler room or CHP.

Sales

Closed

How is the typical closed heat supply system in an apartment building implemented?

Heat industry is responsible for the delivery of the coolant to the house - two thermally insulated highways (feed and reverse) connecting the boiler room or CHP with consumers.

Each removal from the road or a group of houses is equipped with a heat chamber with cutting valves, discharges and taps for control measurements of temperature and pressure.

Inside the house for distributing heat to consumers answer:

• Elevator assembly (thermal item);

The house may have several thermal points. Their quantity is mainly determined by the linear dimensions of the house: with a large number of apartments and entrances, create one contour of a large length is unprofitable because of its high hydraulic resistance and the accompanying pressure loss.

• Rosels of feed and returns (horizontal pipelines connecting risers with an elevator node);
• Rims distributing the coolant for individual heating devices.

Now - more about each element.

The heart of the elevator node is the so-called waterway elevator. It looks like a cast iron or (less often) steel tee with flanges for attaching to feed and returns. There is nozzle inside the elevator, which provides a dosage of water supply from the supply and its mixing with the recycling drive to the coolant from the return pipeline.

Why do you need it?

Recycling of water invert allows:

• Increase the volume of the coolant passing through the heating system per unit of time, with the minimum water flow from the supply of heating mains;
• Make a more uniform heating of heating devices at the beginning and at the end of the contour.

How does the elevator work?

Its principle of work is based on the law of Bernoulli, which argues that the hydrostatic pressure in the fluid flow or gas is inversely proportional to the flow rate. The water pressure on the feed exceeds the reverse pressure on 2-3 atmosphere. But after the nozzle, the area of \u200b\u200bthe vacuum is created, which delays part of the coolant from the return pipeline through the subference.

The pressure drop between the mixture (water after an elevator) and the reverse is not more than 0.2 kgf / cm2.

In extremely strong cold to maintain the appropriate sanitary facilities in apartments, the work of the elevator without a nozzle is sometimes practiced. Soothing is faded installed on the flange steel pancake with a pair of rubber gaskets.

The flow of the coolant from the feed into the return is limited to the adjustment of the input valve on the return pipe: it is completely closed, and then opens with continuous control of the pressure drop in the pressure gauge.

If you simply cover the valve, her cheeks can later break through the rod and completely overlap the channel inside the case. The consequences of stopping circulation into severe cold will not make themselves waiting: during the first pair of hours will be treated with accessible heating, then the accident will follow the apartments.

Elevantor needs a strapping.

It includes:

1. Entrance and house valves (two at the entrance to the elevator assembly and two on the border between it and the actual heating circuit);

1. Mud (at least one mud at the feed, in front of the elevator);
2. Control valves for measuring the pressure of the heat supply system;

It should be inpatiently installed pressure gauges, but due to massory, representatives of heat networks and housing organizations are often forced to remove instruments.

1. Oil pockets for measuring temperature;
2. Dumps after the house valves that cut off the contour from the elevator assembly (optionally with nozzles that take water into the sewer). They are needed to reset the heating system and for its shocking at startup: if you open one of the house valves and reset on the second thread, most of the air will fly through the reset.

Pouring heating is paired around the perimeter of the house.

It can be mounted in one of two ways:

1. The so-called upper bottling implies the filing wiring in the attic. Road filling is in the basement. Connecting their risers are disconnected in two places - below and at the top;

This scheme complicates the disconnection of a separate riser, but simplifies the start of the reserved system. In order to have a circulation in the circuit, it is enough to fill it out and stripping the air through the only aircraft installed on the extensive tank in the upper point.

1. In the case of lower bottling and reverse, and the feed pipelines are bred by basement or technical undercase. Rims are connected to them alternately; Each pair of risers on the upper floor is connected by a horizontal jumper providing circulation.

Here is the reverse picture: disable a pair of stands somewhat easier, but when you start a dropped circuit, you need to make air from each jumper. If the inhabitants of the upper apartments chronically do not at home, the launch of the riser can pour into a serious problem.

Rims and eyeliners provide the addition of heating devices. Typical nominal diameter of heating is 20 - 25 mm, eyeliner - 15-20. Appliances are connected by jumpers that ensure the operation of the riser when the shut-off-throttling fittings are covered on them.

Open

The difference between the open scheme from the closed - only in the fact that there is a dwarp in the elevator node.

In the houses built until the mid-70s, the hot water connection is extremely simple: DHW is connected to the feed and return between input valves and. On the sings are installed valves or valves; At each moment of time, only one of the cuts is open - either feed or reversal.

Why do you need two independent sings?

The fact is that in the peak of colds the temperature of the supply thread of the heating mains at the outlet of the CHP can reach 150c. Water does not boil only due to excess pressure. Dining water directly from the thermal network to consumers, it is easy to obtain a lot of accidents and domestic injuries.

On the return pipeline at the same time, the water temperature is quite acceptable 70 degrees.

In the summer - another picture: the pressure drop in the track is missing or minimal; The temperature of the return temperature differs little on the ambient temperature. DHW needs are provided only by the feed.

Such a scheme is extremely easy to maintain, but has a couple of serious flaws:

1. In the absence of water, water in the pipes cools. Accordingly, in the morning it has to merge. This is at least inconvenient, and in the presence of a water meter on the DHW - and not commenced at all;
2. The heated towel rails connected to the breakdown of hot water are heated only when you spend hot water. Most of the time the bathroom is idle without heating.

In residential buildings of new projects, these problems have successfully solved a small upgrade of the DHW connection scheme to the elevator node:

• And on the feed, and the reverse between the entrance valves and the elevator are two inserts of the DHW;
• On the flange between the inserts on each thread, a retaining washer was installed - steel pancake with a hole for 1 mm more compared to the nozzle of the elevator diameter;
• The house divorced two bottles of DHW;
• The risers are connected to them alternately and are connected on the top floor or in the attic jumpers - exactly as on the heating with lower bottling.

The connection diagram of the risers may vary noticeably. For example, a diagram is possible, in which two risers with hot water passes through each apartment - actually a DHW and a riser with heated towel rails.

In the photo - DHW risers and heated towel rails in the basement of an apartment building.

Often, the dryers are mounted in the ripping break, and the risers are connected by 3-4 pieces - groups corresponding to the number of apartments on the landing.

Depending on the season, the DHW system can operate in one of three modes:

1. In summer, outside the heating season, water circulates between the supply and return pipelines;
2. In the lower zone of temperature graphics, two inserts are open on the feed. Pressure drops between them is provided by a retainer washer;
3. In strong cold, when the feed is heated over 90 degrees, the DHW turns on from the return to the return. The difference is again created by a retainer washer.

Estimates

What scheme is better for the consumer?

If the main criterion is the quality of water, do not have to doubt. Heated by a boiler or column much more practical than the supply of DHW from the elevator node. The fact is that the network water is positioned as technical and is intended only for the company, but in the system of the HPW system drinking watercorresponding to SanPine 2.1.4.1074-01.

Another evaluation criterion is the price of a cubic meter of water. Let's do it with your own hands a simple calculation - we calculate the cost of the cubic meter with a heated electric boiler of cold water and compare it with the cost of Cuba DHW.

As a starting point, I will take tariffs, relevant at the beginning of 2017 for Moscow:

• Cubic meter of cold water without drainage costs 30 rubles;
• The hot water cube costs 160 rubles;
• Kilowatt-hour of electricity over the one-step tariff - 5 rubles.

Several additional conditions:

• The average weld temperature at the entrance to the house is approximately 15 degrees;
• Target temperature DHW - 70 degrees;
• To simplify the calculations, I neglected the heat-insulation heat plane through thermal insulation, taking its efficiency to 100%;

• To heat the cubic meter of water for 1C, 1.1631 kilowatt heat is needed.

1. On the heating of the cold water cube to the target temperature will leave 1,1631 * (70 - 15) \u003d 64 (with rounding) of kilowatt-hour of electricity;
2. Taking into account the cost of the HPW and tariffs for electricity, they will cost 64 * 5 + 30 \u003d 350 rubles, which is two more times more than the cost of the cubic meter of hot water.

The instruction is obvious: if you want to save on utility services, it is definitely not worth using your own electric boiler.

Conclusion

I hope that I managed to answer all the questions of the respected reader. Learn more about heating and water supply schemes you will help you video in this article. Waiting for your additions to her. Successes, Camrads!

Hot water supply

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Hot water supply (DHW) - System, a complex of devices designed to provide consumers with hot water for technological, sanitary and hygienic purposes.

As a rule, this is: water heater, circulating pump, hot water pipes, fittings for distribution of water to consumers (cranes, shower grids).

GVS. - reduction (from Hot water supply) used to designate subsystems Hot water supply in the documents relating to heat supply.

Methods of attachment of the DHW subsystem to the heat supply system

• Hot water enters the consumer directly from the overall heat supply system. With this connection, the water quality in the water tap and inside the radiator (battery) of heating is equally. That is, people consume directly coolant. In this case itself system of heat supply called open (that is, through open Cranes from the heat supply system follows the coolant).

• Cold drinking water, taken from the water supply, is heated in an additional heat exchanger with network water, after which it comes to the consumer. Hot water and heat carrier are separated by people consumed by people in their drinking qualities almost no different from the cold (hot water pipe rust faster than cold). In this case system of heat supply called closedSince it transmits consumers only heat, but not a coolant.

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Watch what is "hot water supply" in other dictionaries:

HOT WATER SUPPLY - (the supply of hot water) of residential buildings for hygienic and economic household needs is commercial and central. The quarter water supply is arranged from hot water columns, kitchen foci, gas and electric water heaters, from ... ... Brief Encyclopedia

hot water supply - The process of heating the cold water in the heaters to a given temperature. [GOST R 54860 2016] Themes Heat Spacer Buildings EN Domestic Hot Water Heating ...

The supply of hot water houses, utility and industrial enterprises for household and industrial needs, as well as a complex of equipment and devices that provide it. Systems in B. consist of heat sources, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In Moscow in 1910-12 (the population of 1.1 million people) was 4 thousand apartments with baths, which were obtained to heat water heat from wood and gas water columns. Hot water supply was available in 4, as well as in public baths, where in ... ... Moscow (Encyclopedia)

hot water supply - karšto vandens tiekimas statusas T sritis Energetika apibrėžtis Priemonių, įrenginių ir įtaisų sistema karštam vandeniui tiekti įvairiems vartotojams (gyvenamiesiems, viešiesiems pastatams, pramonės įmonėms ir kt.) Buities ir technologiniams ... ... AiškinaMasis Šiluminės Ir Branduolinės Technikos Terminų žodynas

hot water supply - 3.1.6 Hot water treatment (Domestic Hot Water Heating: The process of heating the cold water in the heaters to a predetermined temperature. Source: GOST R 54860 2011: Heat ...

The system of events, equipment and devices for the supply of hot water springs. consumers (residential buildings, communal and prom. enterprises, etc.) for host. Household and industries. Technology, goals. Distinguished Systems G. V.: Centralized, in to ... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

energy consumption for premises heating and / or hot water supply - heat load on the heating of premises and / or hot water supply Thermal energy transmitted to the heating, cooling and / or hot water supply system, providing sanitary hygiene parameters of the microclimate in the room at GOST ... ... Technical translator directory

energy costs for heat boat supply or hot water supply (power consumption of heat boat system) - 3.1.7 Energy costs for heat boat supply or hot water supply (power consumption of heat boat system) (Energy Use for Space Heating or Cooling Or Domestic Hot Water): Energy spent on heating or cooling (including ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation

Calculated watch consumption of heat carrier for hot water supply - The value of the clock consumption of the coolant for hot water supply, corresponding to the average per week, the value of the watch thermal load of hot water supply, with the value of the outdoor temperature, corresponding to the break point ... ... Official terminology

Books

• Adjustment and operation of water thermal networks. C Pophering, Manyuk V.I. In this reference book, the method of determining thermal loads and throughput of pipelines, as well as specifications Heating and water heating ... Series: Publisher: URSS,

Another 20 years ago, the hot water supply in a private house was only in the dreams of its owner.

Today it is a reality available to everyone. The question is only in one - which of the systems has enough water consumption?

The right choice of hot water supply system will help not only effectively warm the country house, but also significantly save on costs. The sources of hot water differ in the capacity, energy seats and constructive solutions.

Gas water heaters can use both accumulated water and flow, and are considered the most practical. However, there is an alternative in the form of electrical heaters. Only considering the advantages and disadvantages of a heating system, you can make the right choice.

All water heaters are divided into flow and accumulative.

Flowing and accumulative heaters

The principle of their work is as follows. Heated running water Gives the room warm.

A simple example is a standard gas column installed in the city's private sector.

In its previous options, there is a significant drawback - a lot of water lears before it gets warm.

However, now existing gas heating systems allow you to minimize consumption. (As is known, it is the most optimal heat transfer.) Testing funds for gas heating, you can count only electricity costs.

Cumulative heaters work, accumulating water. The volume of liquid in the tank is heated. Electricity consumption is 1 kW per hour. The advantages of this heater - when turned on from the crane, hot water is already.

The disadvantage is a large tank size for its accumulation. Here the owners of small-sized housing will unrestraine will be delighted.

We can also provide hot water housing and a heating boiler. Existing types of boilers allow not only to have hot water, but also use it for home heating. Single-mount boilers are used only for heating, double-circuit - for heating.

In each system, devices are included, uniformly distributing heated water according to the specified coordinates. These are temperature sensors, and water supply device. The pump serves a measured amount of its pipelines that can and heat the building.

Water supply systems are divided into open and closed.

Open and closed systems - schemes

In the open maintenance of hot water at home, the coolant is located directly in the system itself.

Here water from the crane and in the radiator is the same in temperature indicators.

And the "open" is called because the flow of water goes immediately through the open taps of the heating network.

The apartment building is just supplied with hot water through the open water supply system. Here it is the best option, since it disappears the need for the installation and operation of water heating equipment.

However, it is practically not suitable for the private sector, since the high costs of its installation pay off soon.

A closed feed system is a means of producing clean hot water. Simply put, drinking cold water is heated in the boiler, which enters the house.

You can even use it in the preparation of food, since the obvious disadvantages of the open feed (garbage from radiators, chemical additives, etc.) there are no here. Closed is good because there are no elements harmful to human health.

Calculation of hot water consumption on the example

Calculation of consumption

Holding the spending of hot water, you need to take into account the number of tenants in the house and their lifestyle.

After all, the main requirement for hot water is its minimum period of appearance from the crane.

In addition, according to the existing feed standards (within 10 minutes), its use is assumed not only at several points, but also in unlimited quantity.

Suppose that simultaneously in the apartment in the kitchen wash the dishes and in the bathroom uses the shower. Therefore, calculating the supply of hot water, you need to consider the following points:

• The number of water consumers;
• How often tenants enjoy a bath or shower;
• Number of bathrooms and toilet rooms;
• Volumetric costs with plumbing devices (for example, bath volume);
• What a hot water temperature is needed.

The most optimal option for calculating is the use of special instruments for measuring.

However, while it is possible not for everyone. For approximate calculation without flow sensors, take a family of four.

In the current situation, when the father fills the bath with a volume of 140 liters is filled within 10 minutes, the son takes a shower in another bathroom, consuming 30 liters of water. At the same time, mom washes dishes in the kitchen - plus 30 liters.

After creating all the data, it can be understood that 200 liters of hot water took 10 minutes.

Of course, the situation is exaggerated and can only be ideally. In reality, consumption is much smaller.

Only assessing the needs of all family members, you can choose the most optimal system for the house of hot water.