It is best to select a production facility with the expectation of possible direct sales, since tiles are most often used in private house construction, therefore, especially at the beginning of a business, it is too early to talk about wholesales.

Shingles are produced in a wide range at modern factories equipped with automated equipment. Ceramic tiles are used as roofing material mainly in individual housing construction. Compared to other types of roofing materials, it has a number of significant advantages: tiles are fire-resistant, durable and maintenance costs are negligible.

The main item of expenses in the process of organizing a tile production business is the purchase of equipment. At least 150 thousand rubles will be spent on its purchase. This fact scares off many potential organizers of this promising type of business. Not everyone is able to bear such significant costs from the very beginning of the production process, especially considering the fact that the cost of equipment is only about 40 thousand rubles. Nevertheless, there is a decent way out of this situation. To reduce the costs associated with the purchase of equipment, it is necessary for the production of tiles only to make the production process less mechanized. And this path is not at all as difficult as it might seem at first glance.

The technology for the production of tiles using manual labor is not complicated at all. The mixed cement mass must be placed in a machine for manual tile production, which can be purchased or made by yourself. Moreover, for the independent creation of the machine, you only need a board measuring seven hundred by twenty to make a box along the length of the tiles, into which a punch will subsequently be placed under the press.

So, the main item of expenses in the process of organizing a tile production business is the purchase of equipment. At least 150 thousand rubles will be spent on its purchase. This fact scares off many potential organizers of this promising type of business. Not everyone is able to bear such significant costs from the very beginning of the production process, especially considering the fact that the cost of equipment is only about 40 thousand rubles. Nevertheless, there is a decent way out of this situation. To reduce the costs associated with the purchase of equipment, it is necessary for the production of roof tiles only to make the production process less mechanized. And this path is not at all as difficult as it might seem at first glance.

In fact, the whole point is that it is profitable for companies supplying equipment to disseminate information that the production of tiles is impossible through manual labor, which means that it requires large capital investments, most of which ends up in the pockets of equipment suppliers. In practice, the situation is completely different: manual production of tiles is not only possible, but also must be present without fail to reduce the cost of finished products.

The cost price of a tile is on average from 70 to 100 rubles, and one square meter of finished products is about 280 rubles.

Business plan for the production of cement tiles.

Ceramic tiles are one of the strongest and most durable roofing materials. But, even it has one significant drawback - a very high price. Therefore, an interesting alternative has appeared on the market - cement-based shingles. Its cost has been reduced almost twice, but in terms of its quality characteristics the material is practically not inferior.

Cement-sand tiles are distinguished by their durability, high strength, wear resistance, fire safety, resistance to external factors.

The obvious advantages of cement-based tiles make the buyer pay attention to this particular material. Therefore, it makes sense to establish your business on the production of cement tiles. Moreover, this material has been actively used in European countries for a long time. Since it pleases its economy with the possibility of operation in a temperate climate.
And the base itself belongs to an environmentally friendly material, which also becomes its indisputable advantage. But in order to create a successful business, it is important for the start to conduct some information gathering in order to determine the level of customer demand and competition.

Selection of a production facility.

To create a successful business, you need to start with paperwork and finding a suitable premises. A room of 100-120 square meters is suitable for work. m. This area is quite enough to organize space and allocate zones for workshops, warehouses, as well as premises for workers. It is important that there are all communications in the room.

It is worth paying special attention to an established water supply system. It is important that ventilation is working and lighting is well thought out. The ceiling height must be at least 4 meters. It should be noted that the premises should be located far from the city limits, namely the residential area.

H and the lease of premises is allocated at least $ 1.2 thousand.

Equipment.

1. Installation of TsPCh-K - from $ 1.5 thousand;
2. Installation of TsPCh-P - from $ 2 thousand;
3. Drying racks - from $ 800;
4. Pallets - from $ 400;
5. Dryer - about $ 1,000.

On average, the purchase of all units requires about $ 5-6 thousand.

Staff.

In the production of roof tiles, you simply need to mix all the ingredients, put them in a mold and bake. No additional assembly required. It is enough just to complete all the stages according to the technology. Therefore, 3-4 people are needed for the production of this type of tile. These are specially trained personnel who will be able to work with raw materials and equipment using technology. It is better to opt for middle-aged men with no respiratory diseases. You will also need a security guard, accountant, and account manager.

Almost $ 2,000 is allocated to pay wages to workers.

Raw materials.

For the production of tiles, cement of the M-400 brand is used. The wholesale price of one bag (50 kg) is approximately $ 2.5. For the production of 1 sq. m of tile is allocated about 11 kg of cement, the cost is $ 0.6. Sand is also required, it should be purchased immediately in a large batch of 10 tons. The cost of 1 kg of sand is $ 0.05. Pigment is also required. If you take high-quality foreign pigments, then you should pay about $ 2.6 per 1 kg. And about 400 grams of pigment is needed to make 1 sq. m. shingles at a cost of $ 1.1.
You also need paint, which will give the future tiles different colors. 1 kg of such paint will cost about $ 2. For 1 sq. M. the finished material takes almost 200 grams for the amount of $ 0.2. Thus, to make 1 sq. meter of cement-sand tiles you need to prepare about $ 4.55.

Therefore, at least $ 4,000 is allocated for the first batch of raw materials.

To advertise your own production, you need to create a website, preferably to promote it. It is also worth creating catalogs and other printed materials to present products to customers. It is worth renting outdoor advertising in a busy part of the city. It is also important to regularly participate in exhibitions and outdoor events in the construction industry.

Basic costs.

When creating a production aimed at making tiles from cement, it is worth paying attention to the following categories of waste:

1. Rent of premises - $ 1.2 thousand;
2. Equipment - $ 5-6 thousand;
3. Personnel - $ 2 thousand;
4. Raw materials - $ 4 thousand;
5. Advertising - $ 800.

In total, about $ 13,000 is needed to start a business.

Profit and return on investment.

Cost of 1 sq. m. of cement tiles is about $ 5. The same amount of material will go on sale at a price of $ 15. The profit from the sale will be about $ 10. But in order to reach a high level of profitability, production must create about 1900 sq. m. roof tiles. Then the profit for the enterprise will be $ 19 thousand.

But, taking into account the monthly costs, the net profit will be about $ 8 thousand.

With successful sales and starting a business in a season, you can recoup the initial income in the business in 3-4 months.

Clients and development options.

The main customers are businesses in the construction industry and middle-income buyers. As a development, attention should be paid to production and increasing its capacity.

	You can make a table, or a door, or a tombstone. A frame is made of iron of the corresponding shape. Well, let's say for a meter by meter table, you made a frame with an internal meter by meter.

Ceramic roof tiles are the oldest type of roofing with a long history. Despite the huge variety of modern finishing materials, it is confidently leading in its segment. The production technology during this period practically did not change, only the equipment for the production of ceramic tiles was improved. Consider this popular type of roof, the way it is made and its advantages.

Production technology

The complexity of the technological process implies that industrial equipment is used for the production of ceramic tiles, which excludes the possibility of handicraft production.

The prepared clay is mixed with water until a plastic homogeneous mass is obtained, compacted and squeezed out in the form of a flat ribbon, which dissolves into fragments of a certain size. During the drying process, it is necessary to control the temperature and humidity of the air in order to avoid uneven shrinkage, cracking and distortion of the finished product. Firing completes the manufacturing process, giving the tiles their strength and water resistance.

Heat treatment is an energy-consuming cycle, which is what determines the high price for clay products. The ceramic tile production line is a largely automated process that increases productivity and improves product quality.

The natural color of the tiles is terracotta, therefore, in order to change it, the tile-shaped surface is covered during firing with special compounds:

• engobe - white-burning or colored clay that provides a stable color;
• glaze - a glassy coating applied to the product and fixed by firing.

Using the latest equipment for the production of ceramic tiles, failures due to the "human factor" are completely eliminated. Control at all stages of processing lies with automation, largely due to this, a very high quality of the product is achieved.

Attaching the protective cover

The installation work includes laying on the rafters of insulation, waterproofing and vapor barrier layers, counter-lattice, and on top - lathing beams. The pitch of the wood flooring is influenced by the heavy weight and size of the ceramic tiles. It is calculated individually and depends on the model. The rows are marked with a cord.

The roofing is laid from right to left, then from bottom to top. The large weight of ceramic tiles determines their placement on the roof before installation - in stacks of 5 pieces to evenly distribute the load on the battens and rafters.

Fasteners are made with galvanized screws. With a slope of over fifty degrees, the roofing material is additionally fastened with clamps. The grooved tiles must be laid with a single overlap, and flat, respectively, with a double overlap. The tile located in the upper row should overlap the joints of the lower two.

Installation of ceramic tiles is a highly skilled job, therefore, only professional roofers should be trusted.

Advantages of ceramic tiles

Only by strictly observing the technology and using specialized equipment for the production of ceramic tiles, you can be sure that the durability of this roofing material will be about a hundred years. The advantages of a unique coating include:

• environmentally friendly raw materials;
• reliable sound and heat insulation;
• ease of repair;
• low water absorption;
• resistance to weathering, temperature extremes;
• minimum waste during installation.

Cons of a clay roof

The disadvantages of natural tiles are few:

• high cost, which is covered only by an increased service life;
• the impossibility of mechanization of installation work, an increase in the cost of arranging the rafter system by 20%, while the reliability of the coating is highly appreciated;
• the choice of the range of colors is limited only to natural shades.

The exterior of a house covered with ceramic tiles becomes aesthetically pleasing, exuding coziness and comfort. This roof covering gracefully follows all the curves of the roof, looks impressive, standing out with the restrained nobility of natural materials. This is a really time-tested quality.

In the early 90s of the last century, an innovative material appeared on the European construction market - polymer sand tiles. Compared with conventional ceramics, composite roofing is characterized by increased strength and impact resistance, low specific gravity, and a wide range of colors. An additional plus is the affordable price due to the availability of raw materials. It is necessary to establish the flow of secondary waste, find a room, purchase machines and arrange them in accordance with the technological scheme.

Production technology and necessary equipment

The raw materials for molding are quartz sand, pre-processed plastic waste and dyes, which also play the role of a binder in the mixture.

1. Polymer component. It is a combination of an agglomerate obtained by melting conventional polyethylene and a hard part (polystyrene, polypropylene, ABS plastic). Thanks to soft polyethylene, the future roof will not be afraid of frost and will acquire a gloss, and the "hard" product will provide heat resistance under the influence of sunlight.

No need to carefully sort, wash and dry waste. It is enough just to run 40-50% of soft and 60-50% of hard plastics - approximately in this ratio, they go to landfills. It is advisable to immediately separate refractory polycarbonates, fluoroplastics, rubber, small metal scrap, foil. Paper and low-melting inclusions are burned when raw materials are melted.

2. Sand (filler) should be coarse (3 mm), dry, free of clay and dust particles. There are no special requirements for the origin and color of the bulk material.

3. Various pigments make it possible to obtain polymer tiles of any desired shade at the output. To prevent the roof from fading ahead of time, you should look for a reliable brand of paint.

It is important that the production is carried out in compliance with the correct proportions of all components: polymer material - 24%, sand - 75%, dye - 1%.

Tiles are manufactured in stages:

• Sand drying. It is poured into the loading hopper, then it enters the feeder, which feeds it in dosed amounts onto the conveyor, and then into the chamber, where gases or air heated by the burner are supplied. The finished sand enters the unloading chamber.
• Shredding of plastic waste. In order for a different-sized polymer component to become homogeneous, it is passed through a crushing machine.
• Mixing. For this operation, extrusion equipment is used, into which the crushed solid polymer product is loaded, as well as polyethylene and polypropylene films. A high temperature is created inside the extruder machine, at which the components are mixed and fused to form a viscous pasty mass. Balls up to 10 cm in diameter are formed from it and immersed in water to cool. Then they are removed from the liquid and kept in air for complete cooling and setting.
• Re-grinding. The cooled balls are again passed through a crusher.
• Preparation of polymer-sand mixture. This production is harmful, it should be isolated from the procurement area. In the room where the machine will work, powerful ventilation is installed to remove harmful gaseous waste.

Crushed polymer semi-finished product, dry sand and pigments are loaded into a thermo-mixer. The finished mass, heated to 180 ° C, is squeezed out of the chamber when the damper is opened. The operator cuts off a portion weighing about 2 kg with a knife - that is exactly how much it takes to make one polymer tile.

After weighing, the cake is placed in the mold with a scoop and sent under the press. The last stage has its own nuances.

• To obtain a glossy product, the press equipment is set to unevenly cool the mold. Its upper half has a temperature of 80 o, and the lower one is only 45 o. The bottom must be cooled as quickly as possible so that the shingles form in 30-50 seconds. Under these conditions, the polymer composition rises and fills the pores between the grains of sand on the surface.
• To prevent unevenly chilled products from being "led", they are placed on the table and pressed down with a load. If this condition is not met, the roof will be uneven.
• The production of the matt variety requires uniform rapid cooling of the top and bottom molds.

Review of popular machine models

Manufacturing of polymer sand tiles is within the power of small entrepreneurs. In this case, it makes sense to buy affordable compact units (you can use it) and place them in a suitable room. The equipment is selected according to the following criteria:

• Dryer. For this purpose, drum sets of different capacities are mainly used. When the chamber rotates, the sand is poured and dries faster (the process is accelerated if there are blades on the inside of the drum for mixing the bulk product).
• Shredder of polymer waste. It is advisable to buy a crusher that is capable of grinding any plastic raw materials: cans, cans, films, basins.
• Extruder. It is chosen depending on the projected production output. The maximum productivity reaches 1000 kg / h.
• Forming press. The machine must have an effort of about 100 tons. If you plan to manufacture not only polymer sand tiles, but also paving slabs, curbs, it is advisable to choose a table with adjustable dimensions.

Sometimes, in order to reduce costs, used equipment is purchased, but it is better not to save on it. Only high-quality molds made of alloy steels with subsequent heat treatment are able to work out 5 million molding cycles and ensure the production of conditioned products.

As an example, we will give several models of machines for operations included in the technological cycle.

1. Drying plant of the drum type SBP.

It is used for any bulk materials, it runs on natural gas or diesel fuel. An electric drive is rigidly fixed to the frame, transmitting rotation to the drum tires. At the time of unloading, the sand is heated up to +80 o, so a cooler can be additionally purchased.

The UPS series equipment is characterized by a wide range of performance characteristics:

• dimensions - from 3000x950 to 13500x2200 mm;
• drum capacity - from 2.12 to 51.3 m3;
• burner power - from 100 to 16,000 kW;
• productivity - from 1.25 to 50 t / h;
• electric drive power - 5-15 kW.

2. Impact crusher IPR (polymer grinder).

The machine is assembled from the following assemblies: bed, rotor, housing, loading hopper, electric drive. A housing and an electric motor with a belt drive are fixed on the bed. The cutting device (rotor) with knives attached to the side discs rotates in the housing part on bearing supports. Waste is placed in the feed mouth manually or automatically. The dimensions of the finished fraction depend on the dimensions of the mesh cells fixed at the bottom of the grinder.

The crusher features a rigid structure, no dust, minimal noise and high efficiency. The machine has the following technical data:

• rotor diameter - 250-500 mm;
• rotor speed - 450-1100 rpm;
• engine power - 7.5-45 kW;
• weight - 500-2700 kg.

3. Extruder EG-300.

Serves for melting soft and hard plastic of different fractions. The machine consists of a metal body with a loading hopper, an electric drive (motor and gearbox), electric tape heaters, a temperature controller, an unloading window.

Specifications:

• productivity - not less than 300 kg / h;
• power source - 380 V 3-phase AC network;
• electric motor power - 2.2 kW;
• total power consumption - 11.2 kW;
• dimensions - 3600х1200х400 mm.

4. Thermal screw machine APN.

The melting and heating unit operates on the principle of continuous operation. Serves for mixing crushed polymers with sand filler and colorant, as well as preparing hot mass for feeding into a press. The amount of the working mixture in it is maintained at the same level, adding the following portions as it is unloaded. In order for the polymer-sand tile to be of high quality, the grains of sand must be completely covered with a polymer shell.

APN consists of a frame, a pipe body, a hopper, a damper, auger, a drive (motor, chain coupling and gearbox), heaters, a damper, a fence, two temperature control sensors. The case is insulated with heat-insulating material, dimensions - 520x3200x1230 mm.

5. Forming press hydraulic PASH-1.

The machine for pressing polymer-sand tiles creates an effort of up to 100 tons. The equipment is equipped with a gear hydraulic pump NSH-10, a three-phase electric motor with a power of 5.5 kW, dimensions - 1000x500x2000 mm.

Full cycle lines

If you plan to manufacture large volumes of products, it is better to purchase a set of installations that fully support the entire process. It is produced in Russia, and the cost is very reasonable.

1. Polymerstroy 18 (Izhevsk).

The company supplies high-quality machines from China, and also practices the manufacture of its own developments. The latter include extruders, melting and heating equipment (up to 600 kg / h), presses with a force of 100-400 tons. It is proposed to grind polymer scrap (hard, soft, film) on crushers of domestic and Chinese production. Their power is no more than 300 W, the resulting fraction is 5-8 mm.

2. Monolith (Chrysostom).

The complex includes:

• used radial crusher of polymers (plastic thickness up to 8 mm) - 100 kg / h;
• self-developed extruder "Mastek" - 500-600 kg / hour;
• semi-automatic press - force 100 t.

Additionally, you can purchase a sieve dryer for sand, an agglomerator for producing granules from polyethylene, a forced mixer.

Rates

The cost of equipment for the manufacture of tiles from polymer waste.

Minimum tile capacity 3000 pcs / day

This information is presented for the purpose of a more detailed study of the basic features of the technology of manufacturing various building materials from clay with subsequent firing.

I. The general composition of the line and the main nodal elements
1. Preparatory site. Node - 1 (1 set)

(1) Air drying raw materials until moisture content reaches 13% (for loader) →
(2) Belt feeder with hoppers, model TL-WLJ-PD6 (for transportation) →
(3) Conveyor type TL-SSJ-PD11 (for transporting raw materials) + 2 magnetic catchers, type TL-RCBD-6.5 (to protect equipment from metal objects) →
(4) High-speed mixer-crusher, type TL-XSJ-DG800 (for preliminary crushing and mixing of raw materials, obtaining a fraction of not more than 5 mm) →
(5) Conveyor type TL-SSJ-PDPD12 (for transporting processed raw materials) →
water supply system (for mixing raw materials and achieving a moisture content of 18% -22%) →
(7) Conveyor type TL-SSJ-PD13 (for transporting recycled wet material) →
(8) High-speed mixer-crusher, type TL-XSJ-DG800 (for preliminary crushing and mixing of raw materials, obtaining a fraction of no more than 1.5-2 mm) →
(9) Conveyor type TL-SSJ-PD14 (for transporting prepared material) →
(10) Mixer-granulator, type TL-ZLJ-YPA (for the subsequent processing of raw materials by granulating it, which significantly improves the quality indicators of the final product before the subsequent aging of the clay for 3-6 days. This is especially true for raw materials containing an increased amount of sand .) →
(11) Conveyor type TL-SSJ-PD15 (for transporting semi-finished products) →
(12) Warehouse for storage (aging) of clay (aging of clay within 3-6 days after its granulation, to ensure the receipt of the final product of higher quality) → Node-2
(13) Automatic control system (for preparation before further use of the material)

2. Automatic extrusion & semi-dry forming. Node - 2 (1 set)


Description of the basic principles of the technological process:
(all subsequent processes up to clause 20 are carried out automatically)
14) Conveyor, type TL-SSJ-PD21 (for transporting a prepared semi-finished product to ...) →
15) Belt feeder with hoppers, model TL-WLJ-LB6 (for feeding and dosing material) →
16) Conveyor, type TL-SSJ-PD22 (for transporting prepared quality material to the extruder) →
17) Vacuum extruder, type TL-CXJ-B40-30 + nozzle for forming tiles, type TL-JCM-RT-ST, or another nozzle (for primary forming of tiles) →
18) Press machine for the final forming of tiles, type TL-AUTOYWJ-1W + mold for the production of tiles, type TL-SYM-RT-ST or another mold (to form a clear shape and correct geometric dimensions of tiles) →
19) Manipulator of conveyor type for picking up and transferring products, type TL-JXSSSJ-JZ (for moving freshly formed products from the forming zone to the place of subsequent processing) →
20) Loading transport pallets into drying installations (carried out by workers) *** 0 → Node-3
21) Automatic control system (for preparation before further use of products)

Description of the basic principles of the technological process:
(not for tiles)
20) Transport pallets (for loading by workers or automatic system *** 2 to) →
22) Multi-Tracks Dryer (for drying products & after processing with hot air from ovens, the moisture content should be less than 3-5%. After drying, the products are transported to the unloading area and unloaded by workers or in automatic mode *** 3) →
23) Transport system (for transporting products in the oven) →
24) Tunnel kilns (for firing products at a temperature of about 1150 ℃ until the final product is ready) → Sorting and packaging of the finished product (performed by auxiliary workers or in automatic mode *** 4) +
25) Automatic control system (for drying and firing)

*** 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 --- We need to know what type of fuel you prefer to use, its calorific value and characteristics, in order to make the best offer for your stoves. This is very important to maintain the correct temperature during firing. We also need to know your investment budget in order to give you the best offer, including in order to know for which mode to prepare an offer for "Node - 3" - automatic control or not.

II. Description of the main equipment in the line.

1. Twin-shaft mixer, type TL -JBJ -300 II

Main Technical Parameters of High Speed \u200b\u200bDouble Mill Type TL -XSJ -DG 800
Dimensions LxWxH (mm)	Performance (tons / hr)	Particle size inlet / outlet (mm)	Electric motor power (k w)	Weight (kg)
3,150 x 1,580 x 1,550	15~25	≤100 / ≤2 ~ 5	67	≈ 6000
Features of this type
1.Special development for the implementation of the process of fine grinding and sieving. 2. Some modifications may have their own characteristics; type CG double reduction rollers, type DG double hammers, type CX - impact-screen grinding method, and type GS4 - rotor screen, for all possible grinding options.

4. Belt feeder with hoppers, type TL -WLJ -PD 6

5. Vacuum extruder type TL -CXJ -B 40-30

Main Technical Parameters of Vacuum Extruder Type TL-CXJ -B 40-30
Dimensions LxWxH (mm)	Capacity (VFD adjustable) (tons / hr)	Maximum shaft diameter (mm)	Nominal screw diameter (mm)
4,600 x 1,800 x 1,300	5 ~ 8	￠ 162	￠ 400 / ￠ 300
Vacuum pressure (mpa)	Mixing / Motor Power (kw)	Extrusion pressure (mpa)	Weight (kg)
≤ - 0.095	45	3.0	≈ 6000
Designed specifically for the production of ceramic tiles, bricks and other high quality cubic elements. All-metal body, special hard-alloy screws and a reliable gearbox ensure the stability of the equipment and the quality of the products

6. Modular tunnel kilns.

1. One set consists of 148 meters of tunnel kilns
The offered tunnel kilns are a prefabricated structure of individual modules that can be assembled in a short time on almost any job site. The preliminary proposal contains recommendations for the use of natural gas as a fuel. Each set of tunnel kilns consists of 41 modules (each 3600 mm long).
All modules are made of special steel reinforced with hot-rolled steel profiles and coated with fire-resistant paint. The joints between the modules have special castle slopes, which provide a smooth transition between them with a reliable hermetic connection.
Length of tunnel kiln: 1,480,000mm, Internal / external tunnel width: 2650mm / 3600 mm
Size of mobile shelving: 3600 x 2600 mm, Height of transport pallets: 620 mm

2. One set of double air ducts for hot air - 73 meters
The hot air ducts are equipped with exhaust fans and temperature detectors that regulate the humidity and temperature inside.
Each channel can hold up to 19 mobile pallets, for a total of 38. The ceiling of the dryer is made of reinforced concrete slab. The dryer itself is equipped with an easy-to-mount sliding gate. The dryer and air preparation system are also designed for placing standard bricks in it.
Dryer length: 73,000mm, Dryer inner / outer width: 5250mm / 5750 mm Movable rack dimensions: 3600 x 2600 x 620 mm

7. Brief final conditions.

1 Relevant agreements for the cases of sending the company's specialists abroad (to Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia ...): if necessary, the equipment supplier can send technical specialists to the buyer to carry out the installation of equipment, its adjustment and commissioning. In this case, the buyer pays for the costs of travel, accommodation and meals for the specialists, as well as pays for their work at the rate of USD30 per working day per person.

2 Power consumption system: three-phase, voltage 380V ／ 50Hz (or another system, depending on the customer's requirements).

3 Terms of delivery and installation of equipment:
Manufacturing and delivery of equipment is carried out within 90 days after signing the contract and receiving an advance payment; installation of equipment is carried out within 60 days.

4 Ensuring the quality of equipment and services provided:
a) The warranty period for the equipment is one year, provided it is used in accordance with its functional purpose;
b) Sending qualified personnel to adjust and correct the supplied equipment; c) During the warranty period, the buyer is fully serviced on all issues related to equipment management by telephone (fax), postal and other forms of communication;
d) To ensure the normal operation of the equipment, the company ensures the elimination of problems and the necessary repairs, provided that such problems arose in the event of a warranty case;
e) Installation and test run: During the installation and testing of the equipment by the technical specialists of the manufacturer, in compliance with the norms and standards established by the Chinese quality system, it is desirable that during this period the technical personnel of the buyer work together in order to improve their qualifications and training. This is the best way to familiarize yourself with the equipment and its possible malfunctions.

5 Terms of the offer to be fulfilled by the customer:
a) The Buyer independently ensures the delivery to the location of the equipment: gas, water, electricity;
b) The Buyer independently ensures the organization of production areas and premises necessary for the placement of equipment;
c) The Buyer independently ensures the availability at the location of the line of the necessary tools, fuels and lubricants, special equipment, etc .;
d) The buyer is solely responsible for other necessary elements not mentioned in this offer.

6 Equipment is packed on transport pallets, taking into account all the requirements necessary for the implementation of sea transportation.

7 Terms of payment: Payment is made in US dollars on the terms of T / T:
a) Thirty percent (30%) of the base price, in the form of an advance payment, is paid within 7 days after signing the contract;
b) Sixty-five percent (65%) of the total contract price shall be paid upon notification to the purchaser that the equipment is ready;
c) Five percent (5%) is paid within 7 days after receiving the equipment and checking its quality and completeness.

.

For such an elite and noble roofing material like natural tiles, raw materials are required that are absolutely not rare. This is what ceramics are made of. Next, we'll show you how.

We will also tell you about famous brands of roofing and tell you if there is a Russian-made one.

Raw materials and equipment

Ceramic tiles must have a high fat content and be fusible. As a rule, factories for the production of this roofing material are built near quarries with such raw materials.

Of the equipment for the production of ceramic tiles, a mixing device is used (where the clay is turned into a homogeneous mixture), as well as a special press, with the help of which the tiles are given a certain shape. A drying chamber and a special oven are also needed, capable of reaching an internal temperature of up to a thousand degrees.

Depending on the brands and complexity, the equipment as a whole can cost from three hundred and fifty thousand to one and a half million rubles.

The following video will tell you how ceramic roof tiles are made:

Manufacturing technology

Factory

The clay extracted from the quarry is transported along a conveyor belt to the warehouse. After some aging, it is processed using a wheel mill, grinding the material (so it is better then mixed with water).

1. In production conditions, at the first stage, clay is mixed with water and plasticizers are added in a special mixer. The output is a plastic homogeneous mass.
2. Then this mass is subjected to pressing (either belt or stamping). At the same time, electronic control is carried out, as a result of which the products are neat, without errors in size.
3. Roofing elements dried in a special chamber are sent to the furnace, where they are fired at a high temperature. The finished shingles are left in their natural state or coated (glassy glaze or clay engobe).

With your own hands

Let's start with the selection of raw materials - the clay used must be sufficiently clean, plastic and soft.

• When rubbing the lump between the fingers, no sand should be felt.
• And when throwing a lump of clay on the floor, it should not crack, crumble. Optimal when it flattens (like dough).

It's not bad to make just one piece for a sample. If it turns out to be homogeneous, red, without bubbles on the fracture, does not greatly decrease during firing and rings on impact, then everything is fine. The clay is selected correctly.

The clay selected for the shingles should last the winter. To do this, it is stacked on the surface of the earth in stacks of two meters wide, the height of which is seventy centimeters.

Well-frozen clay is an excellent raw material. And so that it freezes better, you can periodically water the stacks with water.

In the warm season, the clay is soaked for two or three days, after which it is crumpled in a pug mill (built from a wooden box or barrel), where metal knives are screwed onto the axis. Then the products are formed using a frame measuring thirty-three by twenty-one centimeters. There is a handle on the side of the frame, and a board is placed underneath.

• Clay is sprinkled with ash before forming the products (it can be replaced).
• Two-centimeter layers are cut with a steel string from a clay ball. They are passed through a frame, covered with drying boards for a while, then carried to the shelves for drying.
• Dry for ten days, in a room or under a canopy.
• For decorative purposes, tiles are often dipped in a greasy red clay solution called glaze prior to firing. Firing is carried out in a special oven. It consists of an ash pan, furnace and kiln chambers, and a pipe. At the back there is a loading hole through which the tiles are laid and removed. Products are fired vertically or sideways on the edge.

This video will tell you about how ceramic tiles are produced at the factory:

Famous manufacturers

BRAAS

More than a hundred factories around the world belong to the company of the same name that produces this tile. For Russia, it is produced by a Russian-German enterprise. The tile of this brand is distinguished by the presence of additional ventilation gaps, high reliability (tiles are connected with a lock).

The manufacturer gives a guarantee for thirty years, but the roof exactly withstands a hundred years. The price of products for one piece of ceramic tiles Braas (BRAAS) is from 100 to 300 rubles, per square meter - from 1.3 to 3.8 thousand rubles.

Koramic

The tiles are made in Germany, with a wide variety of sizes, profiles and shades. Suitable for all roofs, both pitched and hip. Does not fade at all over time.

In any weather (and at any time of the year). A square meter of Koramic ceramic tiles will cost from 1.1 to 1.8 thousand rubles.

Creaton

Another high-quality European brand of ceramic tiles is Creaton. Differs in reliability and wide range of models.

Twenty profiles are painted in more than a hundred different shades. This is anthracite, green moss, and the color of noble red wine. There are even blue and graphite gray tiles of this brand. One piece will cost about 75 to 150 rubles.

This video will tell you about how Creaton makes its ceramic tiles:

Roben

Another German brand of ceramic tiles, Roben, immediately speaks of it. Modern European high-end equipment makes it possible to obtain the most accurate dimensions and avoid defects.

Natural pigments are used for coloring, allowing to obtain pure natural colors. Two-color models are very interesting ("autumn leaf", for example). The price of one piece of tiles ranges from 84 to 100 rubles. This brand of ceramic tiles competes with the Checker brand.

Roof tiles of Russian production

Today in Russia there are no enterprises for the production of ceramic tiles. There are only joint ventures. In particular, as already mentioned, the BRAAS company.