Fishing tools. Fishing tool Questions for self-control

18.11.2020

Fishing work is understood as a set of operations necessary to free the wellbore from foreign objects before resuming drilling in it.

Fishing tool. For fishing operations use special (fishing) tools of various types and purposes. Let's look at the main ones.

Taps are designed to catch the drill pipe string remaining in the well if a break occurs in the thickened part of the pipe, in a lock or coupling. Right-hand taps are used to remove the entire string, and left-hand taps (on left-hand drill pipes) are used to remove the string in parts.

The fishing tap has the shape of a truncated cone for cutting into parts of the drill pipe joint during fishing operations. The upper end of the tap has a drill pipe lock thread, and the lower end has a special fishing thread (right or left).

Bells are used to catch drill or casing pipes when a breakage has occurred in the body of the pipe, as well as when the threaded connections of the pipe have been broken, with the exception of cases where the thread breakage has occurred on the side of the lock nipple.

If the break is uneven with the presence of ribbons or there is a crack along the pipe that is not covered by the bell, then for fishing it is necessary to use a “through” (open) bell with a corresponding pipe or pipe. To remove a bit remaining in the well due to unscrewing or stripping the thread, a bell-caliber is used.

Right bells are used when fishing with right drill pipes for the entire remaining string, and left bells are used when fishing with left drill pipes to unscrew part of the remaining string.

Bells are made from forged blanks, the top of which is threaded for connection to drill pipes. At the bottom of the bell, an internal fishing thread of a special profile is cut to grip drill pipes during fishing operations.

When the end of the drill pipe remaining in the well as a result of breaking turns out to be uneven and there are longitudinal cracks, then a “through” (open) slip with a corresponding pipe or pipe is used to catch the first part of the coupling from the broken end or the entire part of the pipe. The slip allows you to flush the well through the captured drill string. If the remaining part of the column cannot be lifted, the slip can be released.

The overshot is used to extract the drill string with a locking grip. It is used mainly where the catcher cannot be used, and the bell and tap cannot be connected to the remaining part of the drill string at the bottom, and where the length of the string does not exceed 400 m and it is not stuck.

An overshot is a body made of thick-walled, usually shoe-shaped, pipe, inside of which four steel springs are riveted. The upper ends of the springs are bent according to the size of the drill pipes that the overshot is designed to catch.

External pipe cutting is used in cases where it is not possible to free a stuck drill string using oil, water, acid baths or torpedoing and the pipes remaining in the well are not bent.

A fishing rod (“ruff”) is used to retrieve the steel rope and logging cable left in the well. A fishing rod is made by welding hooks onto a rod or a tap in a checkerboard pattern, or from a casing pipe, on the body of which cutouts are made that bend inward. It is prohibited to lower a fishing rod (“ruff”) into the well without a special clamp that limits the passage of this tool into the area where the abandoned rope or cable is located.

Retractor hooks are designed to center the remaining end of the drill pipe in the well.

The diameter (external) of the hook mouth is usually 52 - 50 mm less than the diameter of the well. Before lowering into the well, notches are made on the inner surface of the hook's mouth, by the consistency of which they judge (after lifting) how the hook worked, whether it touched the column or not. The use of a diverter hook is allowed only when it can freely reach the “head” of the break.

A router is used to partially or completely remove metal protruding parts or parts. Working with a router (milling) involves breaking down a metal object and turning it into chips. The external shape of the router depends on its purpose:

a) front action: flat; conical; and cylindrical;

b) external influence: in the shape of a truncated cone, conical , cylindrical and cylindrical-conical.

c) internal impact: cylindrical-conical shape and combined impact.

ACCIDENT ELIMINATION

Elimination of accidents with drill pipes and bits

Successful response to drill pipe accidents depends to a large extent on how quickly pipe failure is detected. When accidents are detected with drill pipes, the driller lifts them at maximum speed. The raised end of the broken part of the drill string at the surface is cleaned, washed and inspected to determine the nature of the break. Then they count the number of candles remaining in the well, determine the depth at which the upper end of the broken pipe string is located, and plan measures to eliminate the accident.

Work to eliminate an accident (any) in a well is carried out by a drilling foreman under the guidance of a senior engineer (master) for complex work or a chief (senior) engineer of a drilling enterprise (exploration site), depending on the complexity of the work.

Before lowering a fishing tool into a well, a sketch of its general layout and fishing part is drawn up, indicating the main dimensions. To catch the drill string, a catcher (slip) with flushing, a tap or a bell is used. These tools allow, after capturing the remaining drill string, to walk around and flush the well. The length of the fishing tool lowered into the well must be selected in such a way that the fishing tool is fastened by a rotor with the leading drill string passed through the rotor table.

The catcher (split) is used both for fishing behind the lock and behind the pipe. To extract the column, the catcher applies tension, turns on the drilling pump, restores circulation, and then begins lifting it. If the column does not rise, it is walked around without rotation.

The tap is usually run with a larger diameter guide pipe ending in a funnel. A tap lowered on the drill pipes covers the torn end of the pipe with a funnel and goes inside the pipe with a cone until it rests against the edge of the pipe. Raising the drill string slightly to relieve pressure on the broken end of the pipe, turn it clockwise 90°, then back 45° and again 1/4 turns clockwise. As the drill string is gradually lowered down, the tap cuts into the pipes and is secured in them. It is forbidden to finally secure the fishing tool to the scrap until the circulation of the drilling fluid through the bit is restored. After this, they try to lift the string. If it gets stuck, they walk around. When walking, it is necessary to remember that lifting forces higher than permissible ones cause the fishing tool to fail, and the drill pipes to break , breakage of the traveling rope or destruction of the tower. If circulation cannot be restored, the tap under the tension is torn off.

Similar to what was described, work is underway to connect and remove the remaining column using a bell.

If the end of the column strongly deviates from the center of the well, it is taken to the center using a withdrawal hook and only after that the tap or bell is lowered.

When, even after restoring circulation, it is not possible to free the column by pacing, they resort to an oil bath or take other measures. If all attempts to free the instrument are unsuccessful, proceed to unscrewing it piece by piece using the left tap or bell on the left pipes. Sometimes, instead of unscrewing piece by piece, the milled portion of the remaining tool is cut out using an external pipe cutter. In this case, the cut part is removed from the well along with a pipe cutter.

The main tool for extracting bit parts remaining in the well is a magnetic milling cutter, which is lowered into the well on drill pipes. Before reaching the bottom 6 - 7 m, they begin washing, rotating the rotor at low speed. Having reached the face, with a small axial load, the milling cutter collects the remaining parts in the center of the face, the crown of the magnetic milling cutter is drilled into the rock, the lower pole approaches the parts remaining on the face and holds them. Then the flushing stops and the lifting of the drill string begins. In no case should you work for a long time on the remaining metal parts - this in most cases leads to a complication of the accident. A magnetic cutter is also used to catch all kinds of small metal objects that have fallen into a hole.

Elimination of accidents with turbo drills

Accidents caused by broken threads of a turbodrill are eliminated quite quickly by a gauge (a turbodrill sub is usually used as a gauge) screwed onto the broken thread of the body, or by special catchers that grab the turbodrill by the heel lock nut, or by a special tap passed inside the upper hole of the shaft. A major problem during turbine drilling is caused by bit jamming. In this case, knocking out the bit by rotating the drill pipe string using a rotor is eliminated, since the bit and the drill pipe string are connected through turbodrill bearings and the rotation of the drill pipes leads to rotation of only the turbodrill body. Therefore, before hitting the bit by rotating, it is necessary to wedge the turbodrill shaft in the body. To do this, you need to throw small metal objects into the pipes. These objects should be thrown while pumping the drilling fluid to ensure that small metal objects enter the turbine of the turbodrill. When pumping drilling fluid and slowly rotating the drill string with a rotor, metal objects falling between the upper blades of the upper stages of the turbine destroy these blades, which, in turn, fall into the next stages and cause jamming of the stators and rotors.

If the shaft is jammed in the turbodrill body, the bit is driven out in the same way as in rotary drilling, by rotating the drill pipe string, since in this case the rotation of the drill pipes will also ensure the rotation of the bit.

Accidents during drilling of the same well can occur when replacing turbodrills of smaller diameters with turbodrills of larger diameters. This is explained by the fact that in the walls of the well, at the places of transition from one rock to another, ledges are formed, which determine the passability of a given standard size turbodrill with a very specific bit diameter.

Moving away from the remaining tool in the well. When the drill string left in the well cannot be lifted or when it takes too much time to remove it, you should move aside, i.e., drill a new (second) wellbore. To do this, above the place where the end of the remaining tool is located, they begin to drill a new trunk.

If the wellbore does not have a strongly curved section from which it is most convenient to drill, a cement bridge is placed over the remaining column and, after it hardens, they begin to drill a new trunk using a rotary or turbine method, Well torpedoing. Work to eliminate accidents in wells sometimes takes a long time and does not give positive results. In these cases, it is advisable to torpedo the string remaining in the well and then drill a second trunk to the designed depth. Torpedoing involves lowering an explosive into a well to a certain depth, which, when exploding, destroys the column remaining in the well.

To successfully crush large metal pieces or to drive them in a crushed state into the walls of a well, a projectile with an explosive substance (torpedo) is installed in close proximity to the object to be destroyed. To do this, they carefully work out with a chisel the place where the projectile should be installed, first lower the template, and then lower the projectile with an explosive to explode.

For an explosion inside stuck drill pipes, a torpedo should be used, the diameter of which should be 10 mm less than the diameter of the drill pipe bore. The torpedo must be exploded against the coupling or lock, otherwise the explosion may result in only a longitudinal crack in the pipe, which will be useless because it will not be possible to lift the upper part of the drill string.

Casing accidents

The most common type of casing accident is when the casing shoe comes loose and the casing rubs. The column shoe is unscrewed when the bottom of the column is not secured, for example, when the cement is pumped above the shoe or does not set at the shoe. During further drilling, especially with the rotary method, the uncemented shoe is unscrewed from the friction of the drill pipe couplings. To determine the location of the loose shoe, a seal made from a piece of casing pipe is usually lowered into the well. The lower part of the seal is funnel-shaped. A wooden plug is inserted into this part, into which nails are driven; the nails are braided with wire and filled with tar or lead. The seal is lowered to the unscrewed shoe. The imprint is used to determine how the shoe is positioned in the well. Such an accident is eliminated with the help of peaked chisels, with which they try to place the shoe vertically so that a full-size chisel can freely pass through it. The best remedy against the occurrence of such accidents - strengthening the lower pipes of the conductor and technical columns by welding. During long-term operation, drill pipes with their couplings and locks sometimes completely wipe out the casing pipes. Safety rings serve as a means of preventing rubbing. Wiping of casing pipes will be much more intense in a deviated well.

When there is a cement sleeve against the worn area of the casing, no complications occur in the casing during the drilling process. If there is no cement cup, then during drilling the casing pipes may tear in ribbons, which makes it difficult for the bit to pass. If, in addition, there are collapsing rocks behind the pipes, wiping may be complicated by crushing. In all these cases, the only emergency response measure is lowering and cementing an intermediate casing string of smaller diameter.

FISHING TOOL (a. catching tool; n. Fanggerat, Fangwerkzeuge; f. outil de repechage, attrapeur, attrapetout; i. arpon pescatubos) - devices and mechanisms used to extract from a stuck drill string, its individual elements, downhole motors or foreign objects items. According to their purpose, fishing tools are conventionally divided into main ones (catchers, overshots, taps, bells, magnetic milling cutters, etc.), used for direct connection with the emergency object and its subsequent removal from the well, and auxiliary, used to study the emergency object and prepare for liquidation accidents

Catchers (Fig. 1) are used to extract the remaining part of the drill string in the well by connecting to its upper end by means of gripping the outside of the pipe or lock.

The catcher consists of a body in which axially movable dies are installed, which are secured with keys to prevent rotation relative to the body. In the lower part, the catcher is threaded with a guide funnel, in the upper part - with an adapter or pipe. The dies have a left-hand screw thread along their inner surface. The contacting surfaces of the body and rams are made conical, which ensures reliable grip of the upper end of the emergency pipe.

Removing an emergency drill string (up to 400 m long) by locking its upper end is done using an overshot. The overshot consists of a housing, inside of which spring plates are installed that engage the drill pipe lock. Having completely passed the lock, the plates are installed with their upper ends against the supporting end of the lock, which ensures grip of the pipe when lifting the overshot.

If the upper end of the emergency string ends with an internal thread, then taps are used for fishing work. Taps with right-hand threads are used to remove the remaining column as a whole, while taps with left-hand threads are used to unscrew and remove the column in parts. Taps are often used with a centering device (Fig. 2), which increases the accuracy of its entry into the hole of the emergency column. A signal indicating that the tap has correctly entered the hole is a pressure surge on the pump supplying the flushing liquid.

In cases where large torques and axial forces are required to eliminate an accident, bells are used (Fig. 3), connecting to the emergency pipe along its outer surface, or pipe traps (Fig. 4), used at large depths and small annular gaps between the wall wells and emergency pipe.

The fishing sleeve of the pipe is made longitudinally cut with a conical inner surface (slope angle of about 2°). The surface of the pipe catcher body in contact with it has the same angle. Using a guide cone made at the end of the body, the pipe catcher is inserted into the emergency pipe. When lowering, the fishing sleeve first rests against the end of the pipe and moves in the upper position, where, under the action of part of the mass of the working string and due to the presence of a cut, it is compressed and goes inside the pipe. Subsequently, when the working string is tensioned, the fishing sleeve expands due to interaction with the body along conical surfaces and crashes into the body of the emergency pipe, providing a reliable grip. The design of the pipe catcher eliminates deformation of the pipe when it is captured.

To clean the bottom of a well from foreign metal objects, a magnetic milling cutter is used (Fig. 5), consisting of an adapter, a housing, upper and lower poles, a sleeve, a magnet and a crown.

Downhole milling cutters are used to clean the bottom of a well from foreign metal objects by grinding them. A shoe mill is used as an auxiliary fishing tool, with the help of which the ends of the emergency columns are prepared and the destruction of rocks and metal objects in the annular space between the emergency pipe and the well wall. To remove foreign objects from the face, so-called spiders are also used (Fig. 6).

The wireline or logging cable left in the well is removed using the so-called brush (Fig. 7).

A funnel is placed above the hooks of the brush, which serves to fix the extracted rope and prevent it from jamming in the well. If the lifting capacity of the tower and traveling system is insufficient to free the drill string or casing from being stuck, then hydraulic jacks are sometimes used for this purpose.

In cases where it is not possible to free a stuck string or it has complex fracture contours, a fishing tool is used to cut the string for subsequent removal from the well in parts. The pipe is cut from the outside using an external pipe cutter (Fig. 8).

To cut the pipe from the inside, internal pipe cutters are used. The dismemberment of the emergency column is also carried out using torpedoes, to determine the location of which in the well a magnetic locator is used (Fig. 9).

Using a locator, coupling and lock connections are recorded.

External release pipe catch type tln and tlnt.

Product purpose:

The external release pipe catcher is designed for gripping by the outer cylindrical surface and subsequent removal of elements of pipe strings when carrying out fishing operations in wells.

TLN - for standard operating conditions.

TLNT - for difficult working conditions.

Design:

The external release piping includes a sub, a housing, a funnel and a set of replaceable elements (collet or spiral guide rings).

The release pipe can be additionally equipped with:

- extension cords, length 500...1000 mm;
- guide funnels of increased diameter;
- restrictive sleeve.

To ensure sealing of the connection between the pipe trap and the emergency string, it is possible to install sealing packers when using grips (installed in the annular groove of the upper part of the body).

The external release pipe catcher has two designs - right and left.

Purpose Conical fishing taps are the simplest and most economical internal gripping tools designed for removing the tool from the well. They come in a variety of sizes, lengths and connections, or can be custom made to suit customer requirements.

Design The fishing tap is cast as one piece from a high-grade alloy and subjected to special heat treatment for strength. There are two types of fishing taps: plain and skirted.

Simple type Fishing taps of a simple type do not have a thread along the outer diameter of the shoulder.

Skirt type Fishing taps with a centering direction are designed to move the tool for proper grip and retrieval of the tool. The outer diameter of the shoulder has a thread for the skirt. Skirts can have a plain head, a flange head, or a threaded head. Skirts with threaded heads must be used with oversized guides. Skirted fishing taps and threaded head skirts have thread protection.

Rods All conical fishing taps are manufactured with high-hardness rods (cutting teeth), which provide good grip for light retrieval work and a positive, secure grip on the tool.

Standard rods have a simple, sealed design with no grooves to provide circulation below the clamping point. Grooved rods are available on request. They are designed to provide circulation to flush out debris as the tool is picked up. All conical fishing taps have a circulation hole in the center.

Right hand clockwise rotation grip bars are standard on conical fishing taps. Left hand rods are available on request. There is no additional cost for left-handed bars.

Removing the tool from the well. A conical fishing tap is attached to the fishing column and lowered into the hole on the top of the tool. Apply less than 1 pound of force and rotate the tap until the tapered threads grip the tool. Excessive force and rotation can damage the bars. When a firm grip is achieved, stop rotating and lift the tool out of the hole.

Fishing bells

Purpose Fishing bells are the simplest external fishing tools for removing tools from a well. There are two types of bells: type A and type B. They can have different sizes, lengths and connections and can be manufactured in accordance with the customer's technical specifications.

Type A Type A fishing bells have an internal guide. The end of the bell guide can be straight or with curved edges.

Type B Type B fishing bells have a lower part with a thread for a standard guide with curved edges or with a diverter hook of your choice.

Design All fishing bells have reinforced rods for a forced, reliable grip of the tool.

Standard rods have a simple, sealed design with no grooves to provide circulation below the clamping point. Grooved rods are available on request. They are designed to provide circulation to flush out debris as the tool is picked up. All fishing bells have a circulation hole in the center.

Right hand clockwise rotation grip bars are standard on catch bells. Left hand rods are available on request. There is no additional cost for left-handed bars.

Operation The fishing bell is attached to the fishing column and lowered to the tool. Applying less than 1 lb of force while rotating allows the tool to be grasped. The tool can be lifted out of the hole when a firm grip is achieved.

Fishing magnets and Charger for magnets

Purpose Fishing magnets are designed to retrieve small, irregularly shaped metal objects from the bottom of a drill hole, such as milling chips, bit cutters, cutters, bearings, dies, wrench bolts and hand tools. Typically, these objects are the result of chisel failures, an accumulation of fallen parts from indestructible objects. In almost all of these cases, the object left in the well cannot be captured in the usual way. Fishing magnets successfully remove these objects from the well. A distinctive feature of the tool design is the wide flushing holes, from which chips and other debris are washed out that could interfere with contact with the magnet. A variety of guides are also manufactured to suit any fishing application. Construction The fishing magnet consists of a housing, an integral casing, an integral pole plate, a magnetic element and a standard flush guide funnel. The body is made of high strength alloy steel with a tool joint nipple connection on top and wide flushing holes. The magnetic element is the most efficient and powerful permanent magnet. If necessary, the magnet can be recharged. During assembly, the magnet body, casing, and pole plate are threaded and welded to the magnetic element in place. The standard flush guide funnel located at the bottom is threaded and can be easily removed. We also produce edge guide funnels and milling guide funnels. Operation Fishing magnets typically operate on tubing or drill pipe, but can also operate on wireline. Rope adapters available. Fishing magnets are attached to the bottom end of the fishing string and lowered into the hole to a depth of six to twelve inches of the abandoned tool. Circulate to rinse the item left behind. Reduce circulation and lower the fishing magnet towards the object. Turn slowly to ensure positive contact. Stop the circulation and lift the fishing magnet out of the hole.

Optional Accessories Guides A rinsing guide funnel is standard. Also available are edge guide funnels and milling guide funnels. A guide funnel with edges centers the object to ensure contact with the magnet. The milling guide funnel allows you to crush any soft structure or separate sediment to release debris at the bottom of the hole. Storage Bins Because magnets should not lose their power during normal use, storing a magnet near an electric motor or bringing magnets too close together can negatively affect their charge. To reduce the attraction of various metal objects or particles, it is recommended to use magnet storage cells. Storage cells are necessary for air cargo transportation.

Magnetic Chargers Our advanced remote control makes recharging quick and easy. There are no restrictions on the number of times a magnet can be recharged. Magnetic chargers guarantee maximum charging performance with ease of operation and long service life.

Fishing fender subs

Purpose One of the most commonly used tools in fishing operations is a breaker sub or a mechanical jar. The design of the tool allows you to transmit rotation and freely flush the well at any time. The catch sub can be used to strike up and down to catch or release overshots or snorkels, or be used as a feed tool in milling or cutting applications. Standard operations also include freeing stuck drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, test tools, and relief subs. The fishing fender sub can be used in conjunction with an overshot or pipe catcher.

Design This simple tool consists of five main elements: the top sub, the hammer, the middle body, the rod body and the rod itself. All components are made of high quality heat treated alloy steel. The hexagonal shape of the rod allows movement within the rod body, corresponding to the shape for transmission of rotation in the well. The standard 20" stroke length is suitable for most applications, and longer stroke subs are also available in 30", 36", 42", 48" and 60" strokes. The standard firing pin comes with a firing pin O-ring, a seal guard ring and an anti-extrusion ring. Hammer chevron packing kits are available upon request and are recommended for enhanced circulation through the fishing fender sub.

Operation A fishing fender sub typically operates directly over a catcher, overshot, screw-in sub, or safety (disconnect) sub. When a load is applied, the impact sub will slide open until the striker strikes the rod. If the drill string is unloaded before the fishing sub, the rod body will slide down the rod until the lower arm of the rod body hits the upper arm of the rod.

Using Downstroke On the surface, mark the open and closed position of the fishing fender sub on the pipe. Raise the fishing string to expose the fender conductor and allow further stretching of the string. Drop the string sharply and stop with the brake approximately 4 to 6 inches above the closed position of the breaker sub to impart a sharp downward impact. To transmit a strong blow downwards, throw the entire weight of the fishing string without applying the brake.

Using Upstroke On the surface, mark the open and closed position of the fishing fender sub on the pipe. Raise the fishing string to expose the fender conductor and allow the string to be further stretched. Throw the column exactly as far as it was stretched and stop it with the brake. As soon as the pipe bounces off the bottom of the well, the breaker sub will deliver a sharp upward shock.

Fishing tool for lifting packers

Purpose The packer lifting tool is designed to remove drillable full bore packers from casing strings. If necessary, if properly equipped, the tool can cut through the packer. Once the fishing tool cuts through the packer to engage the bottom end of the packer, it will remain in the correct catching position at all times, making milling and catching possible in a single run and retrieve. The tool can be released and recaptured, and can be used in conjunction with a jar assembly.

Design The fishing tool for lifting packers consists of only three parts: the upper coupling, the rod, and the rams. An optional threaded plug is available that can be coated with tungsten carbide.

Operation The fishing tool for lifting the packers is installed on the lower end of the milling unit. Sufficient extension subs allow the packer lifting tool to clear the packer bore from the bottom end before the equipped shoe or cutter contacts the outside surface of the packer. As the packer lifting tool enters the packer, the catch ram is forced upward to allow passage through the packer bore. The slip automatically drops into the catch position as it clears the bottom end of the packer. Milling can now be carried out and the packer has been removed. The fishing tool for lifting the packers should always be in the catching position. It will not release the packer prematurely due to sudden packer movement and will withstand strong downward tension. If necessary, after the ram has come into contact with the packer walls, the tool can be released by right-hand rotation and immersion of the fishing string.

Purpose Mechanical jars are used for any wireline work in a well where it is necessary to release the remaining tools in the well using a jar. They are particularly suitable for use as accessories for shear pins, drive pistons and other similar applications. They are simple, light in weight, have a particularly robust design, and are easy to maintain.

Overshots

Purpose

Overshot is a universal fishing tool used in the oil and gas industry.

Its purpose is to capture, seal, extract and release various types of fishing tools. Reliability, simplicity and robust design are the main qualities for which overshots are preferred to other types of external grip fishing tools in the oil and gas industry.

The company's product range includes the 4 most commonly used types of overshots:

overshot for series 10 sucker rods
overshot for small diameter sucker rods series 20
· 70 series small diameter release overshot
· release overshot with flushing series 150

Each overshot of different series has different strength, which is reflected in the tool code designation

A - high strength (FS) for all torsional and impact tensile loads

B - very high strength (XFS) for extreme loads

C - increased strength (SFS) maximum strength for special well conditions

D - small boreholes (SH) for high tensile loads only

E - very small diameter wells (XSH) for coiled tubing lifting only

If operating conditions (casing, hole size and tool size) allow, the use of high strength Type A overshots is recommended.

Overshot components

Upper sub

The top sub is the top component of the overshot. It is usually equipped with a locking connection according to customer specifications to ensure good adhesion to the extracted column.

The body, the main operating component of the overshot, is located between the top sub and the guide. On the inner diameter there is a section with a thread that matches the outer thread of the die gripper. This design allows any expansion or compression stress to be evenly distributed across the entire working surface of the body, gripper and extracted tool. The possibility of tool damage or overshot is minimized.

Guide

The lowest component of the overshot is the guide. As the name suggests, it guides the tool into the internal gripping mechanism (ram gripper) of the overshot. The guide also minimizes the possibility of damage to the overshot by preventing tools that are larger than the maximum size of pipe the overshot can handle.

Gripping mechanisms

The grip is attached to the body and is the overshot gripping mechanism. There are two main types of grippers: spiral and basket.

Spiral grip

The shape of the left-hand spiral of the spiral gripper corresponds to the internal beveled notch of the cage. A special hardened internal notch of the gripper ensures forced fixation of the extracted pipe.

Basket grip

The basket grip is a split, expanding cylinder, on the inner surface of which notches are made to fix the tool being removed. Its conical outer part matches the inner part of the body. There are three types of basket grips for different fishing applications: simple (standard), with a stop for gripping short pipes and with a stop for gripping long pipes.

Regular basket grip

A conventional basket gripper is used to remove a pipe or tool with a constant outside diameter. During fishing operations, the retrieved tool passes completely through the gripper. Notches along the entire length of the inner part of the grip securely fix the removed tool. A regular basket grip is standard equipment on all overshots and is always supplied unless another grip type is specified.

Basket grip with stop for removing short pipes

This grip is used to remove couplings attached to the broken section of pipe located above the coupling. Two sections of notches with different internal diameters are used. The smaller diameter notches grip the pipe above the reducer and serve as a stop to ensure that the larger diameter notches grip the coupling before sealing with the packer.

Basket grip with stop for catching long pipes

This type of basket grip is designed to remove drill pipe tool joints and reducers while leaving enough length below the grip to seal with a conventional or milling packer. An internal stop on the top of the grip prevents the pipe being removed from passing completely through the grip. This stop also serves to position the basket packer on the retrieved pipe/tool for optimal sealing.

Gripper control devices

The gripper control acts like a wrench that transfers torque from the overshot body to the gripper, allowing the gripper to move vertically within the frame during work. There are two types of gripper control devices: spiral and basket. Spiral control devices are used with spiral grippers and are always of a conventional design, i.e. have no milling teeth or compaction mechanism. Basket gripper controls are used with basket grippers. They may be of a conventional design, but may also have a compaction mechanism and/or milling teeth.

Sealing mechanism

If circulation is required during fishing operations, a sealing mechanism must be used to ensure circulation through the pipe being retrieved rather than around it. The type of compaction mechanism is determined by the type of gripper used (spiral or basket).

Packer type A

The Type A packer is used in overshots equipped with spiral grippers. The Type A packer provides a seal between the outer surface and the inner surface of the housing. The packer has an inner edge that provides a seal along the diameter of the pipe being retrieved. Each Type A packer is designed to seal a specific size of recoverable pipe according to the size of the helical gripper; For each grip size you need to order a separate packer.

Packer with milling end

The milling face packer is used in combination with overshots equipped with a basket grip. There are two types of milling packers: simple and with a milling end. A simple packer is used when milling is required before fishing operations. A milling face packer should be used when minor adjustments to the pipe being retrieved are required before gripping. Only one milling packer can be installed in the overshot assembly at a time.

Milling packers are manufactured to fit a specific basket clamp size. A separate milling packer must be ordered for each size of basket clamp ordered.

Overshot accessories

The 150 Series Release Circulating Overshots can be equipped with a wide range of accessories including: extension subs, large guides, hook guides, milling guides, internal and external milling packer seals, E-type milling packers.

Lead Well Seal

Purpose A lead borehole seal is an effective tool used to determine the dimensions, configuration, conditions and location of the top end of an object left in a borehole. Design Lead well seals have a body made of high-strength alloy steel and a soft lead insert at the bottom end. All borehole seals (with the exception of seals with connections using a sucker rod) have a trough for washing the top of the abandoned object before lowering the seal onto it. Lead seals without trough can be provided upon request. The outside diameter range of the lead part is from 1 to 12 ¼ inches. Additional sizes available upon request.

Operation Attach the hole seal to the bottom of the fishing string and lower into the hole. Don't rotate. Slowly lower the well string until it makes contact with the abandoned object. Place weight on the borehole seal and lift it out of the borehole.

Fishing rod type “U” Fishing rod type “U” is designed for capturing and then removing rope, electric cable and wire from the well. The fishing rod consists of a body, a sub with a funnel, three hooks, and a pointed tip.

Design of a “U” type fishing rod: - On the body, in the upper part, there is a thread intended for connection with drill pipes. - On the body, in the middle part, there are open hooks at an angle of 120 degrees. - On the body, in the lower part, a pointed tip is attached to the threaded connection. - There are grooves above the hooks for placing the captured element. - On the bottom of the sub there is a funnel designed to center the fishing rod in the well.

The torn rope, cable or wire is picked up by hooks, and when the fishing rod is rotated, it is wound around its body, after which the tool is lifted to the surface.

Hydraulic spider PG

Purpose

The hydraulic reverse circulation spider is used to extract from the well a variety of debris, drill bit cutters, bearings, broken dies, cable fragments, a variety of hand tools, fragments and fragments of broken drill pipes (as a result of twisting), milling chips and so on.

The design of the Hydraulic Spider has two versions: right and left, depending on the direction of the connecting threads, and eight versions of the annular milling cutter, which are determined by the shape of the soldering of the cutting and abrasive surface - flat, wavy, toothed, protruding outward or ground flush with the body. The hydraulic spider is screwed onto the column using the top sub. In addition to the top sub, the components include a catcher, a body with a seat and funnel of a ball valve, and an annular cutter. The catcher is made of manganese bronze, equipped with alternating long and short fingers extended towards the center of the device.

Fishing work is understood as a set of operations necessary to free the wellbore from foreign objects before resuming drilling in it.

Fishing tool. For fishing work, special (fishing) tools of various types and purposes are used. Let's look at the main ones.

Right bells are used when fishing with right drill pipes for the entire remaining string, and left bells are used when fishing with left drill pipes to unscrew part of the remaining string.

External pipe cutting is used in cases where it is not possible to free a stuck drill string using oil, water, acid baths or torpedoing and the pipes remaining in the well are not bent.

Retractor hooks are designed to center the remaining end of the drill pipe in the well.

a) front action: flat; conical; and cylindrical;
b) external influence: in the shape of a truncated cone, conical, cylindrical and cylindrical-conical.
c) internal impact: cylindrical-conical shape and combined impact.

Fishing tools:

a - slip; b - bell; c - tap; g - magnetic milling cutter; d - spider

Elimination of accidents with drill pipes and bits

Successful response to drill pipe accidents depends to a large extent on how quickly pipe failure is detected.

When accidents are detected with drill pipes, the driller lifts them at maximum speed. The raised end of the broken part of the drill string at the surface is cleaned, washed and inspected to determine the nature of the break. Then they count the number of candles remaining in the well, determine the depth at which the upper end of the broken pipe string is located, and plan measures to eliminate the accident.

The catcher (slip) is used both for catching by the lock and by the pipe. To extract the column, the catcher applies tension, turns on the drilling pump, restores circulation, and then begins lifting it. If the column does not rise, it is walked around without rotation.

The tap is usually run with a larger diameter guide pipe ending in a funnel. A tap lowered on the drill pipes covers the torn end of the pipe with a funnel and goes inside the pipe with a cone until it rests against the edge of the pipe. Raising the drill string slightly to relieve pressure on the broken end of the pipe, turn it clockwise 90°, then back 45° and again 1/4 turn clockwise. As the drill string is gradually lowered down, the tap cuts into the pipes and is secured in them. It is prohibited to permanently fix the fishing tool on the scrap until the circulation of the drilling fluid through the bit is restored. After this, try to lift the string. If it gets stuck, walk around. When walking, you must remember that lifting forces above the permissible ones cause the fishing tool to fail, breakage of drill pipes, breakage tackle rope or destruction of the tower. If circulation cannot be restored, the tap under the tension is torn off.

Similar to what was described, work is underway to connect and remove the remaining column using a bell.

If the end of the column strongly deviates from the center of the well, it is taken to the center using a withdrawal hook and only after that the tap or bell is lowered.

Fishing tool

(a. catching tool; n. Fanggerat, Fangwerkzeuge; f. outil de repechage, attrapeur, attrapetout; And. arpon pescatubos) - devices and mechanisms used to remove a stuck drill string, its individual elements, downhole motors or foreign objects from a well. As prescribed by L. and. conditionally divided into the main one (catchers, overshots, taps, bells, magnetic milling cutters, etc.), used for direct connection with the emergency object and its subsequent removal from the well, and auxiliary, used to study the emergency object and prepare for the liquidation of the accident.
Catchers (Fig. 1) are used to extract the remaining part of the drill string in the well by connecting it to the top. end by gripping the outside of the pipe or lock.

The catcher consists of a body, in which dies are installed that are movable in the axial direction and are secured with keys to prevent rotation relative to the body. B lower parts of the catcher are connected on a thread with a guide funnel, in the upper part - with an adapter or pipe. On the dies along their internal The surface has a left-hand screw thread. The contacting surfaces of the body and dies are made conical, which ensures reliable grip on the top. the end of the emergency pipe.
Removing an emergency drill string (up to 400 m long) by grabbing it from the top. the end under is made by an overshot. The overshot consists of a housing, inside of which spring plates are installed that grip the drill pipe lock. Having completely missed the lock, the plates are installed on top. the ends are against the supporting end of the lock, which ensures that the pipe is captured when lifting the overshot.
If the top. the end of the emergency column ends internally. thread, then taps are used for fishing work. Taps with a right-hand thread are used to remove the remaining column as a whole, while taps with a left-hand thread are used to unscrew and remove the column in parts. Taps are often used with a centering device (Fig. 2), which increases the accuracy of its entry into the hole of the emergency column. A signal indicating that the tap has correctly entered the hole is a pressure surge on the pump supplying the flushing liquid.

Rice. 2. Tap with centering device: 1 - tap; 2 - funnel.
In cases where large torques and axial forces are required to eliminate an accident, bells are used (Fig. 3), connected to the emergency pipe along its outer surface, or pipe traps (Fig. 4), used at large depths and small annular gaps between the wall wells and emergency pipe.

The fishing sleeve of the pipe is made longitudinally cut with a conic. internal surface (inclination angle approx. 2°). The surface of the pipe body in contact with it has the same angle. Using a guide cone made at the end of the body, the pipe catcher is inserted into the emergency pipe. When lowering, the fishing sleeve first rests against the end of the pipe and moves to the top. a position where, under the influence of part of the mass of the working string and due to the presence of a cut, it is compressed and goes inside the pipe. Subsequently, when the working string is tensioned, the fishing sleeve expands due to interaction with the body along the conical line. surfaces and cuts into the body of the emergency pipe, providing a reliable grip. The design of the pipe catcher eliminates deformation of the pipe when it is captured.
To clean the bottom of a well from foreign metallic materials. objects, a magnetic router is used (Fig. 5), consisting of an adapter, a body, and a top. and lower poles, bushings, magnet and crown.

To clean the bottom of a well from foreign metallic materials. downhole milling machines are used to crush objects by grinding them. As an auxiliary L. and. A shoe milling cutter is used, with the help of which the ends of emergency columns are prepared and the destruction of concrete and metal parts is carried out. objects in the annular space between the emergency pipe and the well wall. To remove foreign objects from the face, so-called spiders (Fig. 6).

Left in the well the rope or logging cable is removed using the so-called. ruff (Fig. 7).

A funnel is placed above the hooks of the brush, which serves to fix the extracted rope and prevent it from jamming in the well. If the lifting capacity of the tower and the traveling system is insufficient to free the drill string or casing from being stuck, then hydraulics are sometimes used for this purpose. jacks.
In cases where it is not possible to free a stuck column or it has complex fracture contours, L.I. is used, with the help of which the column is cut for the purpose of subsequent removal from the well in parts. The pipe is cut from the outside using an external pipe cutter (Fig. 8).

To cut the pipe from the inside, use internal. pipe cutters The dismemberment of the emergency column is also carried out using torpedoes, to determine the location of which in the well a magnetic locator is used (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. Magnetic locator: 1 - body; 2 - coil; 3 - iron core; 4 - permanent magnets; 5 - bridge for candles; 6 - plug; 7 - tip; A - locator fragment.
Using a locator, the location of coupling and lock connections is recorded. B. S. Budyansky.

Mountain encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .

Lishtvan I. I.

See what a “Fishing tool” is in other dictionaries:

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fishing tool for small objects- — Topics oil and gas industry EN red and yellow basket … Technical Translator's Guide