It may seem that the question is idle and empty: what is the name of the handwriting expert? However, there are some subtleties that must be taken into account by all litigants in the courts, who turn to investigators and decide their issues in pre-trial order.

About the name of the profession for sure

The Russian legal system knows only one type of persons who are allowed to work with handwritings as sources of information on civil and criminal matters. These are handwriting experts, not graphologists. At the same time, in the mass consciousness, these names are stuck together almost into one whole, and it is unlikely that 95% of our fellow citizens will be able to formulate the difference. Handwriting experts are engaged in:

• finding out the gender of those who wrote the texts;
• the establishment of individual physical defects (injuries, features);
• clarification of the professional affiliation of the authors of the texts;
• personal definition of performers of texts and recordings.

Other"

A handwriting expert does not and cannot engage in the establishment of the mental traits of the writer (except in the rarest cases). The fact is that with all the many years of efforts, for example, it was not possible to bring an indisputable scientific and methodological basis for comparing handwriting and character. Graphologists are trying to pretend that they have succeeded. Although the checks say otherwise.

So who to call

Based on this, it would be completely unreasonable to submit a petition to a Russian court for a graphological examination. And the investigators do not need to ask for anything like that, since they will not take such appeals seriously either. Always and everywhere in official papers it is necessary to write only about a recognized handwriting examination!

And one more thing - one of the reasons for the inconsistency of graphology - all its recommendations and judgments are vague, and judgments about the meaning of certain signs are either not confirmed by psychological comparison tests, or are associated with a vague reference to the "interweaving of circumstances, which can only be interpreted by a guru" ...

The examination of handwriting, which is called "handwriting examination", provides more opportunities for the investigation of various cases. Experts are engaged in the study of handwriting and make appropriate conclusions.

Now the handwriting examination takes a minimum of time, since the companies providing such services have enough experience. But what is it and why is it worth taking advantage of such opportunities?

Features of the examination of handwriting research

The object of such an examination is called the various records that are available in a particular document. It looks like text or like small notes that were left by a certain person.

If the material that needs to be investigated consists of alphabetic and numerical symbols, then such an object is called mixed. Experts will be able to establish whether the signature is real or whether it was produced by a person whose identity cannot be established.

Handwriting identification will enable professionals to determine if the manuscript belongs to the author. There may also be the question of whether all handwritten materials belong to the same author.

At the very beginning, the judge will deal with the individualization of the sample of handwriting that was provided to him for examination. If suddenly the document has no details, then you need to take the first and last word, which is spelled out in the paper.

There is one nuance in this procedure - this is the decision whether the document that was sent for examination is genuine. In the wording, you must indicate the person who is the author of this paper.

When conducting an examination of handwriting, it is necessary to provide the originals of those records that need to be examined. The fact is that copies do not make it possible to establish all the features of specific documents.

All these points make it possible to establish the authenticity of the document and the real author of the manuscript. If you use these services, you will be able to achieve the desired result in a minimum time period.

You have figured out the peculiarities of such services. And now it's worth mentioning the benefits that can be obtained through such expertise:

• you will be able to establish the authenticity of the document, which excludes the fact of fraud;
• it becomes possible to identify the real author of certain manuscripts;
• the examination process takes a minimum of time, so you do not have to wait too long for the results;
• the cost of services is available to every person.

These are the main points that relate to handwriting examination. If you use such services, you can avoid many problems that are associated with the authenticity of documents.

How to conduct a handwriting examination and prove innocence:

We are ready to quickly establish the authenticity of the document. Specialists will examine the handwriting and find out if it belongs to a specific person. Expert judgment helps with a high degree of reliability to confirm or deny who wrote the document.

When considering an arbitration, criminal or administrative case, an investigator or interrogating officer may order an expert examination to clarify the essence of the motives or proceedings related to the conduct of a specific criminal case. In order to order a forensic examination, it is required to submit a special petition addressed to the investigator or judge, which substantiates the reasons for carrying out expert work to establish the authenticity of the documents. The application is always accompanied by informational confirmation and the consent of experts to conduct such a study within the time limits established by law.

Often, for the pre-trial resolution of controversial issues, the plaintiff or the defendant orders a private handwriting examination that can shed light on the essence of the ongoing dispute. Having concluded an agreement with a legal entity or an individual, we guarantee an effective, impartial study of the handwriting of the documents provided.

Together with the handwriting, the authenticity of the signature is often examined. It is especially important to establish authenticity, if it concerns inheritance, controversial issues in resolving property issues of any nature, proceedings under contracts and other cases.

A highly qualified specialist can easily determine with a high degree of certainty who owns the signature and the written text. In addition, our company undertakes to prove the state of the person by signing the document proposed for research.

• Free consultations to determine the suitability of documents and their copies for examinations.
• The customer can provide materials by mail, using electronic media, by courier mail or in person.
• We provide all the information the customer is interested in by phone, using a computer connection or during a personal conversation in the office.
• We provide information letters for the court during the day. This service does not require payment.
• Receiving and sending to the court any materials necessary for the customer free of charge.

Handwritten text is a combination of alphabetic and numeric characters printed on a sheet of paper and conveying a certain amount of information. The number of letters and numbers may vary based on the direction of the semantic series of the document. In the conduct of legal proceedings, the question of the reliability of the documents provided is often raised. This is especially important when solving property issues.

Where is handwriting examination extremely necessary?

During the proceedings of cases related to disputes in labor collectives, applications, certificates, a letter of resignation, current employee records, financial documents, any conflicts between borrowers and debtors are considered. In this case, receipts, agreements on the taking over of property, acts of acceptance and transfer, credit obligations are provided.

• Disputes that have turned into a legal plane of any nature. Declarations, sales contracts, banks or personal records are examined to confirm or refute the truth of the motives.
• In the conduct of criminal cases, an expert opinion may be required regarding the confession, submission of an application, complaints and motions.

How is handwriting examination carried out?

Handwriting is always shaped by the acquisition of multiple skills. It reflects the personality traits of character, the conditions under which the records were kept, the emotional state and much more. Written motor skills allow the expert with a high degree of probability to find the answer to the questions posed.

Each individual, in the process of handwriting formation, acquires stable and individual traits that can be easily identified by a well-trained specialist of our company. The longer a person uses their skills to write texts, the more clearly their individual traits will appear. Over the years, even with a strong desire to change the foundations of handwriting is impossible.

Variation is the ability of a person to adapt their writing and motor skills to the circumstances that have arisen. The handwriting will surely undergo changes if the document was signed in an unusual environment, in a hurry or under the influence of psychological pressure. An experienced eye of an expert is able to quickly grasp the nuances and give a comprehensive answer to the questions posed.

The developed handwriting techniques are divided according to certain criteria and are designed to carry out an expert assessment as accurately and fully as possible.

Common handwriting features are identified throughout the text of the manuscript and help determine:

• Orientation marks placement in the test. The presence of topographic features inherent in this particular document.
• The expert will easily determine the quality of the formed writing-motor abilities of the individual who wrote the text.
• An assessment of the structural movement of the handle along the trajectory of the left symbols is made.

Specialists call particular features the individual characteristics used by a person when writing certain alphabetic or numeric characters. With careful study, they can tell a lot about the character, habits and other circumstances that influence a person when writing a document.

The widespread use of electronic technology for the preparation of large documents leaves no room for a thorough examination of handwriting. However, any important text must be signed by a person, and such research can shed light on whether a document is genuine or fake.

The experts of our bureau substantiate each of their conclusions, relying on the methodology developed and tested over the years. It is able to conduct an expert assessment of documents of any complexity, regardless of their safety. The cost of services is always determined individually after consultation with a specialist. Much will depend on the quantity and quality of handwriting samples provided.

Questions an expert can answer

• Who wrote the submitted document regarding the receipt of values.
• How many persons have written the document proposed for verification.
• Was the text written under ordinary circumstances, or psychological pressure was exerted on the writer.
• Are there any signs of an artificial change in handwriting in the proposed document?
• Whether the signature left on the contract is authentic or a cliché was used.

There can be many questions of interest to the customer, and we are able to give a qualified answer to all of them - you just need to go to our website to leave a request, call by phone or visit an office. In a personal conversation, the expert will answer free of charge all your questions regarding payment, terms and confidentiality. Payment is made after receiving an expert opinion.

How is the work done?

Regardless of where you live, you can use the services of our expert. Copies of the document can be sent by fax or received in the form of electronic copies on a PC. The order of work is as follows:

1. An inquiry officer or investigator will need one working day to submit an information letter to the court.
2. After talking with an expert, they will tell you what documents and in what quantity will be required to conduct an expert assessment in your case.
3. After studying the documents proposed for research, they will give an expert assessment of the suitability of the handwriting for a full examination.
4. They will be sure to voice their forecasts, however, until they receive written expert assessments, they will not have legal force.
5. There is a possibility of concluding a cooperation agreement remotely, without a personal visit to the office.
6. The examination is carried out at exactly the agreed time. In case of any difficulties, the customer is immediately notified by phone.
7. The expert assessment is sent on a standard form with a seal by courier or mail.

We are always ready to provide all possible assistance in solving the arisen difficulties. Clients can rely on honesty, complete confidentiality and high qualifications of our experts.

What is an independent handwriting examination and how much does it cost? What issues does an expert consider when conducting an examination? What determines the price of a handwriting examination for a copy of a document?

Hello, dear readers of the HeterBober business magazine! With you - Anna Medvedeva.

In a new article, we'll talk about handwriting examination. Handwritten documents are of great importance in many lawsuits. Therefore, if you had to face a handwriting examination, it would be nice to know the nuances of this procedure.

So, let's begin.

1. What is handwriting examination and by whom is it carried out?

Forensic science is characterized by the variety, complexity and specificity of the areas of expert activity. Handwriting research - one of the ways to identify a person - is included in this list. This procedure is rather complicated and requires highly qualified expert.

This is a type of forensic investigation that is ordered during civil or criminal proceedings when questions arise regarding handwritten documents.

Main purpose handwriting examination is to establish the author of a handwritten document. But besides this, in the course of the study, it is possible to determine the age and gender of the author, the age of the text, as well as the circumstances under which the text was written. For example, exposure to drugs, stress, affect, etc.

Since the result of the handwriting examination is one of the evidence in court proceedings, it can be appointed by a judge, investigator or interrogator. However, the legislation also allows those cases when the initiator is an individual.

Independent handwriting examination as legal as the state. But in order to carry it out, the organization must have a license for this type of activity and a staff of specialists of the appropriate qualifications.

A handwriting examination is carried out when provided:

• the document being examined (original or, in extreme cases, a high-quality copy);
• sample of handwriting.

Handwriting examination on a copy of a document (photocopy or photograph) is carried out if the original is lost or one of the parties refuses to provide it. This may also be the case when a document is pending and it is not possible to withdraw it for examination.

Read about the details of this process in the overview article "".

2. When a handwriting examination may be needed - an overview of the main situations

We have already mentioned that handwriting examination is most often carried out when additional evidence is needed for the court. Now let's take a closer look at the most common situations.

Situation 1. Corporate fraud

In such cases, an examination of signatures on various corporate documents is more often carried out. Signatures are forged on the minutes of general meetings and decisions of the sole participant, powers of attorney, orders, etc.

These papers identify the person who forged the signature or text. Also, facts of changes in the content of a document or text, methods of their execution, etc. are revealed.

Situation 2. Fraud in the divorce proceedings

In case of divorce, property is divided, so ex-spouses sometimes resort to forging documents. This is done with a well-known purpose - not to divide, but to keep completely anything from movable or immovable property (house, apartment, car, land, etc.).

An example of this type of fraud is falsification of IOUs, loan agreements, purchase and sale agreements, etc.

Situation 3. Hereditary disputes

Wills with forged signatures are not uncommon. This is especially common when the direct heirs of a deceased person become victims of fraudsters.

The main difficulty in conducting an examination in this case is that only old records that have ever been made by the deceased (if any will be preserved at all) can be provided for research.

Situation 4. Fraud in contracts

Fake signatures are found on a variety of contracts - loans, mortgages, sureties, etc. Anyone can suffer from this, from an ordinary pensioner for whom a service agreement was signed to a legal entity that allegedly received the goods and did not pay for it.

Situation 5. Economic crimes

In arbitration proceedings, a forensic handwriting examination is often appointed. The parties provide contracts, agreements, business records, bills of exchange, minutes of meetings, etc.

In this case, signatures and short notes become the object of examination. The procedure is assigned when the authenticity of the documents on the basis of which fictitious transactions or financial transactions were made is questionable.

If you need help in a criminal case, the lawyer for economic crimes Igor Yuryevich Noskov will provide qualified legal assistance and protect your interests. Cases of fraud or tax crimes always require the painstaking work of a professional lawyer, and this is exactly the kind of assistance that lawyer Noskov Igor Yuryevich can provide to you.

Situation 6. Anonymous letters

If you receive anonymous threatening letters written by hand, a handwriting examination can reveal some information about the author. For example, one person wrote a letter or several, a man or a woman, his approximate age, etc.

If there is a suspect, then the anonymous letter can be compared with a sample of his letter. Even if the handwriting has been deliberately altered, examination will reveal it.

3. How much does a handwriting examination cost?

When a handwriting examination is carried out, the price is determined primarily depending on the complexity of the work.

Types of handwriting examination, their characteristics, degree of complexity and economy:

№	Expertise type	Characteristic	The level of complexity and economy of the method
1	Calligraphic	Used to authenticate signatures.	Simplest and cheapest.
2	Electro-factorial	The need for it arises if a copy is provided for the examination, and not the original. Then the text is deciphered first, and after that, the authenticity is determined.	Complex and costly.
3	Judicial	It is carried out on the basis of the legislative apparatus at the initiative of law enforcement agencies.	It can be simple or complex. Economical.

The price for the first object of research is usually set significantly higher than for the next. Many companies offer discounts depending on the number of documents to be examined.

The region and additional costs matter.

Example

An expert bureau operates in Moscow. If you live in Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg or the Leningrad region, your order will cost slightly less than orders from other regions.

In addition, postage and travel of an expert to court will be paid separately. Urgent orders are slightly more expensive, but there is a discount system for bulk orders.

As you can see, even if the company has an established price tag, it is possible to unambiguously answer how much a handwriting examination costs only by deciding on the type of work. And in each case, the price will be individual.

Examination of a copy of a document is often difficult for specialists. Signature characteristics may change when copiers are used. Experts need to determine what type of duplicating equipment was used, whether the signature sample is suitable for a full-fledged examination, etc. The cost in such cases depends on the complexity and amount of additional studies.

If you still have any doubts and questions, seek advice from specialists. They will explain to you all the incomprehensible points and help you with good advice.

We will recommend Pravoved.ru as an example of a high level of legal services. Free answers to questions can be obtained online. Or leave a request and get a more detailed consultation on a paid basis.

A large number of lawyers throughout Russia cooperate with the resource, which allows you to find a competent consultant in any legal field.

5. Where to order handwriting examination - an overview of the TOP-3 companies providing services

Where to carry out an independent examination of handwriting to be sure of the quality of the research? Here are several organizations to choose from.

1) Expert and Legal Center "Prometheus"

The company has been engaged in forensic and pre-trial examinations for over 10 years. More than 5,000 studies have already been carried out here. Only experienced experts with relevant education and high qualifications work at Prometheus.

The main goal of the team is to work towards results. Above all, honesty, fairness and responsibility are put here.

Taking into account the requests appearing on the market, the company included property valuation and legal assistance in the list of its services. Now you can get a comprehensive professional service.

The handwriting examination is carried out quickly and efficiently. Leave a request on the website and wait for someone to contact you.

2) Autonomous non-profit organization "Independent Expertise"

This company, which conducts all types of expertise, is recommended by such organizations as the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of Emergencies of the Russian Federation and even the Government of the Russian Federation. Their services also include certification, refresher courses, verification of individuals and legal entities, and legal services.

Here you can order an extrajudicial examination of a signature, a forensic examination of a signature and other types of research, which includes a handwriting examination. The most common questions to an expert can be studied on the site or send your question, to which you will be given a detailed answer.

The conclusions of the "Independent Expertise" are accepted in all courts of the Russian Federation.

3) Center for Forensic Science and Research "Formula"

The organization conducts a wide variety of forensic and extrajudicial research, examinations and tests, which have already been carried out by the center's specialists for many years. It employs highly qualified experts and applies only the most modern methods and techniques.

Thanks to online technologies, the company operates throughout Russia. For many years of professional activity, the center of expertise has gained clients in every region of our country.

You can leave a request on the site, or you can independently calculate the cost of an order in the existing application. The employees themselves recommend calling by phone and discussing prices and nuances in a personal conversation.

6. When can the results of handwriting examination be disputed - 3 main reasons

If you are not satisfied with the result of the examination or you are sure that the expert made mistakes, you can apply for a re-examination. On what basis can this be done?

Reason 1. The document does not contain information about the expert

This is quite enough to require an expert review. Because the name of the expert is included in the list of mandatory information that must contain the Resolution on the examination. The court, of course, recognizes the violation of the order of registration, and the decision will be considered invalid.

There is one more interesting nuance. You have the right to reject the selected expert and apply for the appointment of the specialist of your choice.

The article "" will tell you about another type of examination.

Reason 2. Errors in the examination

A typical mistake is the registration of examination results in the form of a certificate. Help is a completely different document.

Unlike the decision on the examination, the certificate does not contain information:

• that the expert has been warned about criminal liability;
• that the expert followed the procedure for sampling handwriting;
• on the basis of which regulatory legal documents the expert made conclusions;
• on the methods used for the examination;
• that the expert had at his disposal a sufficient number of handwriting samples.

Since the certificate does not comply with the norms of the document presented as evidence, the court does not recognize the result of the examination as valid.

Subject, objects and tasks of handwriting examination

Handwriting examination refers to the so-called traditional forensic examinations. It is most common in investigative and judicial practice, since it can be assigned to a wide variety of categories of criminal, administrative and civil cases, including arbitration cases, if during their investigation and court proceedings it becomes necessary to establish facts (factual circumstances) related to the study of manuscripts. The establishment of such facts by solving the corresponding handwriting problems is thing handwriting examination.

The manuscripts to be examined can constitute the content of various documents: contracts, acts, statements, receipts, invoices, wills, payment and pension orders, statements, marriage certificates, customs documents, etc. They can be made on ordinary (paper) and unusual (fabric, flesh, leatherette, cardboard, wall, wood, human body) material, ordinary (fountain pen, ballpoint pen, pencil) or unusual (brush, nail, pointed stick, match, etc. etc.) with a writing instrument.

Direct object handwriting examination is a specific handwriting implementation contained in a manuscript, called the object under study. It can be in the form of text, a short note and a signature. If the content side of the text and a short note is fixed using alphabetic designations (cursive, stylized, printed), these objects are called alphabetic, if with the help of numbers (Roman, Arabic) - digital; the investigated text or record containing both alphabetic and numeric designations are called mixed.

Signatures can be executed on behalf of existing, fictitious and unidentified individuals. In their composition, signatures can contain only letters (alphabetic), only strokes that do not form letters (dashed), or letters and strokes (alpha-dashed).

By volume, the texts are divided into large, medium and small. Large text is usually 1 page of a standard sheet, medium - from 1/2 page to 10 words or from 2/3 to 1/3, a page of digital symbols, small - from 4 to 10 words or less than 2/3 of a standard sheet of digital symbols ... A manuscript containing 1 - 4 words or 1 - 7 numbers refers to an independent object - a short note.

Small texts, short notes and signatures are called small-volume handwriting objects. If, in addition to the small volume, the manuscript is characterized by simplicity and unusual conditions for its implementation, such objects are called uninformative.

Tasks, solved by a handwriting expert, are divided into 3 main groups: identification, diagnostic, classification.

Identification tasks make up the bulk of handwriting studies. Their solution involves establishing the fact:

• individual identification: the presence or absence of the identity of a particular artist of the manuscript; execution by the same or different persons of several different texts, signatures, separate fragments of text, text and a short note (for example, an addendum), text and signature;
• the group belonging of the person who completed the manuscript (according to the degree of maturity, the degree of perfection of the system of movements, other common signs of handwriting).

When setting identification tasks, questions to an expert can be formulated approximately as follows:

• whether the text of the receipt dated November 27, 1979 was executed in the amount of 550 rubles. FROM.;
• by whom, P., S. or another person, executed the text of the letter, beginning and ending with the words “Dear Comrade Director ...”, “... did something happen?”;
• by whom, I. himself or another person, made the signature on his behalf, located in the will of 12.02.92?
• who, I. himself or another person, made the notation "Ivanov Oleg Mikhailovich" located in the will of 12.02.92?
• If it is required to establish the fact of execution by one or different persons of different manuscripts or fragments of the same manuscript, the questions are formulated approximately in the following form:
• one or different persons executed 2 letters, respectively, beginning and ending with the words: "Dear comrade director ..." and "... something did not work out"; "I bring to your attention ..." and "... everything that I have reported is correct";
• one or different persons executed the main text of the receipt dated November 27, 1979 in the amount of 550 rubles. and the final entry “I undertake to return the specified amount in full by July 1, 1980”;
• did one or different persons fulfill the main text of the expense note and the added words and numbers?
• did one person execute the signatures on behalf of the fictitious person Smirnov L.V., located in columns 8 - 10 of the salary statement for May 1993?

Questions about the fact of the execution of several manuscripts by one person and about their specific performer can be posed simultaneously: “Is one person, Ivanov I.P., signed on behalf of the fictitious person Smirnova L.V., located in columns 8 - 10 of the receipt salaries for May 1993? "

In accordance with the methodology of forensic handwriting examination, the task of establishing the fact of the execution of several manuscripts by the same or different persons is solved by an expert, even if such a question is not specifically raised.

The tasks of establishing the group affiliation of the person who completed the manuscript are rarely posed to the expert as independent tasks. In the identification process, they are resolved at a stage preceding individual identification. Sometimes it is possible to exclude the alleged person from the number of executors of the studied manuscript only according to the group characteristics of the handwriting (the degree of development, the degree of perfection of the system of movements).

The solution of diagnostic problems is aimed at establishing the conditions in which the studied manuscript was carried out - ordinary or unusual.

In handwriting, it has been established that variability is a protective barrier that guarantees the preservation of the identification properties of handwriting - individuality and stability. It is in it that the adaptive mechanism of the writer is reflected to various circumstances that "confuse" the process of writing that is habitual for him. However, such opportunities are not limitless: the nature, degree of unusual performance or the strength of the “confusing” factor can destroy this protective barrier. The usual properties of handwriting change, which is reflected in the form of diagnostic signs. Their complex can give the expert grounds to establish not only the fact that the letter is unusual, but also their group, and in some cases a specific “confusing” factor.

Depending on the severity of diagnostic signs, it is possible to establish:

• the fact of the presence or absence of the unusualness of the letter;
• the nature of the unusual: permanent or temporary;
• a group of natural (not associated with intentional change) or artificial (associated with it) factors of unusual writing;
• groups of natural internal (stress, illness, alcohol intoxication, age-related changes) or external (unusual posture, writing material or writing device; writing a manuscript without glasses, the influence of cold stress) unusual factors;
• groups of artificial factors (imitation of a printed font, prescriptions, poorly developed handwriting, handwriting or signatures of another person, changing general or general and particular features; performing a signature with deliberate distortion (auto-forgery) or replacing the writing hand, the so-called competent change);
• specific "confusing" factor.

Each of the aforementioned diagnostic tasks can be assigned to an expert in relation to any handwriting object along with an identification one or separately, independently.

Diagnostic questions can be formulated as follows:

• whether the text of the letter beginning with the words "Hello ... I am writing from a place known to you ..." is not done in a deliberately changed handwriting;
• whether the signature was executed on behalf of V.P. Ivanov in the will of 23.10.92 with the imitation of the original signature;
• whether the signature on behalf of Ivanov Oh.M. in the contract of purchase and sale of an apartment dated 05.01.04 by OM Ivanov himself. with deliberate distortion of your signature (with auto-forgery)?
• whether the signature was made on behalf of L.V. Petrov in an IOU dated 12/15/91, intoxicated?

The expert may also be asked other diagnostic questions: is a specific letter text (signature, record) suitable for carrying out an identification study.

Classification tasks are associated with the establishment of the performer's handwriting belonging to a group of handwritings characteristic of persons of a certain gender, age or type of handwriting in accordance with the accepted scientific classification (highly or poorly developed, with a perfect or imperfect system of movements).

Currently, such classification tasks are being solved as determining the gender and age of the performer of a text of large and medium volume, performed under normal (unchanged) conditions. Within the framework of the classification task, questions can be posed: are the handwritings of 2 persons similar, whether words, numbers have been added to this text by another person, etc.

Preparation and execution of materials for handwriting examination

When appointing a handwriting examination, the investigator (court) must first of all determine the immediate object of the study: text, text fragment, digital record, signature. The individualization of the investigated object in the resolution (determination) on the appointment of the examination is ensured by listing the details of the document as a whole (name, number and date of execution). If the examination of handwritten text is assigned in relation to a document that does not contain details, the initial and final words of the text being examined, the number of lines, pages, etc. are indicated. When examining a fragment of a text (supplement), its full verbal content and location in the main text are determined. If the signature is subject to examination, the decision (determination) should indicate the name of the person on whose behalf it appears, and its exact location in the document (line, column, preceding words, etc.).

It is unacceptable to indicate to the expert the direct object of research by tracing the signature or writing in pencil, to make explanatory inscriptions and notes near them, or to cut them out of documents and stick them on separate sheets of paper, bend the document at the location of the signature or record being examined.

The resolution (ruling) on \u200b\u200bthe appointment of the examination must contain information about the known circumstances related to the subject of the examination (conditions for the execution of the document under investigation, samples; age, state of the executor of the investigated text (signature) at the time of execution, execution while sitting, lying down, etc. .); it is necessary to give a list of materials submitted for examination (objects of research, comparative material indicating their details and location).

One of the features of the methodology for examining signatures on behalf of real persons is the obligatory decision of the question of the authenticity of the signature. Therefore, if the object of the study is a signature on behalf of a real person, but the investigation (court) is interested in whether this signature has been executed by another person, then when formulating the question, both the persons on whose behalf these signatures appear, and other persons should be indicated who could fulfill it.

The fact of the execution of the investigated signature on behalf of a fictitious or unidentified person is necessarily reflected in the resolution (ruling) on \u200b\u200bthe appointment of an examination or directly in the wording of the question, which is posed only in relation to the alleged performer.

The originals of the documents under examination must be submitted for examination. This requirement is due to the fact that it is impossible to conduct a technical study on photocopies, photocopies and documents made through carbon paper, which, in accordance with the method of handwriting examination, is a mandatory stage in the study of signatures to establish whether the signature has not been made using technical means. The development and availability of copying and duplicating equipment has led to an increase in the number of objects presented for examination in the form of electrophotographic copies (copies sent by fax, e-mail, received by photocopying, etc.). The undesirability of presenting the objects under study, in particular, signatures in the form of electrophotographic copies, even knowingly from the original document, is due to the fact that in most cases it is impossible to establish the conditions for the execution of the manuscript, since in such a copy the following are distorted (not possible to identify): the degree of coordination of movements of the 1st group, the pace of execution and push characteristics. As for the procedural aspect of providing the document under investigation in the form of a copy, it should be borne in mind that in accordance with Part 2 of Article 71 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, originals or duly executed copies.

When evaluating a copy of a document in accordance with paragraph 6 of Art. 67 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, the court checks whether the content of the original in the copy of this document has changed, i.e. the identity of the copy of the document and its original, and in accordance with paragraph 7 of Art. 67 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, the court cannot consider proven the circumstances, confirmed only by a copy of the document, if the original of the document is lost (or is not submitted to the court) and it is impossible to establish the true content of the original document using other evidence.

It should also be borne in mind that when examining electrophotographic copies of records and signatures, the expert's conclusions are tentative in nature, and probable conclusions cannot be used as the basis for the decision of the case or the court verdict.

Therefore, the submission of photocopies (photocopies, blueprints) of documents, as well as documents made through carbon paper, is possible only in exceptional cases. The reasons for the impossibility of submitting the original document for examination and the court's certification of the copy's identity to the original should be specially indicated in the resolution (ruling) on \u200b\u200bthe appointment of the examination.

When solving identification problems associated with the identification of specific performers of the objects under study, and some diagnostic problems, carefully prepared comparative materials of appropriate quality and in an appropriate quantity are required. The proper quality of samples is their comparability in terms of the time of writing and the type of document, language, content, writing material, method of execution and, if possible, according to the conditions of execution.

A sufficient number of samples is such a volume that would provide the possibility of a complete and comprehensive comparison of all the features contained in the investigated text, record, signature. It is impossible to give uniform recommendations on the number of samples to be submitted, however, as a rule, there should be at least 5-6 free handwriting samples, at least 10 free signature samples, at least 9 sheets of experimental handwriting samples, and 9 sheets of experimental signature samples.

To obtain samples of handwriting and signatures, the investigator issues a resolution, and within the framework of civil and arbitration proceedings - a court decision on receipt of samples, with which the participants in the process must be familiarized.

To solve handwriting problems, there are 3 types sampleshandwriting and signatures: free, experimental and shareware.

Free samples of handwriting, signatures are texts, records, signatures made by a certain person before the occurrence of this case and outside of connection with it, i.e. when the performer did not expect that they could be used as comparative material in the production of the examination. Free samples can be texts, signatures related to official correspondence, autobiography, self-filled questionnaires, applications, personal letters, signatures in constituent, privatization documents, in certificates, in applications to the passport office, in payrolls, cash orders, in pension cases, pension statements and other documents. Free samples of handwriting, signatures are the most valuable comparative material, since they are usually made without intentionally changing the signs of handwriting, signatures.

One of the basic requirements for free samples is certainty of their origin, i.e. indisputable belonging of manuscripts, signatures to a person, samples of handwriting, the signature of which they should serve. For the purpose of identification, free samples of handwriting and signatures must be presented to the person on whose behalf they appear with the execution of the corresponding protocol. Each sample must be certified by the person who performed it. If the authenticity of the samples is denied by the person on whose behalf they appear, or their reliability is in doubt and cannot be eliminated, they should not be submitted for examination.

Failure to comply with this provision leads to the fact that at the stage of the trial a petition is made about the unreliability of the samples used by the expert and the validity and correctness of the expert conclusions are questioned. In addition, sampling errors can lead to expert errors.

Free samples submitted for examination must be comparable to the document being examined. They must be performed in the same language, using the same alphabet as the text under study, signature. If it is necessary to appoint an examination of documents executed in foreign languages \u200b\u200bor in the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the CIS, the investigator (court) must determine in which language and with which alphabet the manuscript was made, and establish in which expert institution there are relevant specialists and the examination can be carried out. Obtaining experimental samples - manuscripts made in the same language in which the document under study is written, may be complicated when a person, whose handwriting samples are necessary for the examination, declares that he does not know the language or alphabet in which he is asked to write. In such cases, only free handwriting samples can be sent for examination. If it is necessary to obtain experimental samples of handwriting, it is possible to propose to rewrite the text made in the same language and using the same alphabet in which the manuscript of the document under study or the signature in the document is executed. If the alleged performer refuses to do this, the issue of the possibility of carrying out an examination is decided separately.

Samples should correspond to those under study in terms of execution time Despite the relative stability of the writing-motor skill, facial handwriting can change significantly over time. When examining manuscripts, signatures made in a well-developed handwriting, the gap in the execution time of the text under study and samples can be relatively long (up to 10-15 years), provided that the person did not suffer diseases during the specified period, as a result of which a change in signs could occur handwriting (diseases of the eyes, hands, mental, nervous, etc.), and at the time of execution of the document under study, unusual external factors did not act.

When examining manuscripts made with a large gap in time, the expert must have information about the age, education, specialty, writing practice of a particular person, the diseases he has suffered that affect the handwriting in order to properly assess the differentiating handwriting signs established during the study.

The gap in the execution time of the documents under study, executed by elderly persons (over 60 years old) or persons with an unformed handwriting (up to 23 - 25 years old), as well as those with a handwriting of low and medium degree of development, should be minimal.

The question of the possibility of carrying out an examination and giving an opinion without samples corresponding to the time of writing of the document under study is decided by the expert in each individual case.

Comparative samples must comply by purpose and content... These circumstances often determine the type of handwriting used by the writer. When drawing up official documents, a person can write slowly in a handwriting of a complicated structure, and when writing down lectures, drawing up abstracts, working notes - a variant adapted for quick writing. These variants of the handwriting of one person are characterized by different sets of features. When studying large-sized manuscripts (for example, essays, letters, statements), it is advisable to present similar comparative materials, which will allow a comparative study on the features of written speech and features reflecting the spatial orientation of movements, which have great identification significance, often remaining stable even with intentional distortion of handwriting. When examining accounting documents, it is advisable to submit samples in similar (for their intended purpose) documents.

It is very important that the samples are performed with the same writing device and, if possible, on the same paper... The influence of the type of writing device and writing materials on the change in handwriting signs can be so significant that the differences established during the examination will not allow the expert to draw a certain conclusion about the executor of the manuscript. These changes can be especially significant when writing with an unusual writing device, for example, a match, a pointed stick, a poster pen. In some cases, changes in handwriting signs are observed even when changing the usual fountain pen to a pencil or ballpoint pen, or when replacing a pen in a pen.

When the document being examined was executed in unusual conditions (for example, standing or sitting with the manuscript on his knees, etc.), then as free samples of handwriting, signatures, it is desirable to have documents executed in similar conditions.

If it is known that the examined document was executed by a person in an unusual state (for example, during an eye or hand illness), then it is desirable to submit manuscripts made in the same condition as free samples. They usually correspond to the time of the manuscript being examined.

With a sharp slowdown or acceleration of the rate of writing, a person may switch to a new version of the handwriting (and it is possible that the structure of the handwriting changes as a whole; elements of simplification may appear in simple and complicated handwritings under the influence of a very fast pace).

Changes in the rate of writing are not accompanied by pronounced signs of unusual execution, so the investigator (court) may not notice them when examining the documents. For a more thorough registration of materials when appointing a handwriting examination, it is recommended to the investigator (court) in accordance with Art. 186 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR to resort to the help of specialists, to consult with the staff of an expert institution.

Samples should correspond to the investigated in the way of execution. If the document under examination is executed with imitation of any typeface (for example, drawing or printed) or written with the left hand (with ordinary writing with the right hand), it is recommended to try to find free samples made in the same way. An examination without appropriate handwriting samples is possible in extremely rare cases, if a large number of signs of cursive handwriting appeared in the manuscript under study, for example, executed with imitation of the printed type at a fast pace.

The need for free samples of handwriting, executed with the same hand, arises, as a rule, when manuscripts executed with the left hand are received for research. If a person habitually writes with his left hand (due to absence or illness with his right or left-handed person), then the selection of free handwriting samples is carried out according to the general rules.

If writing with the left hand is used as a means of changing one's handwriting, then in the studied manuscript, in the absence of such writing skills, one usually draws attention to a sharply disturbed coordination of movements, a deformed appearance of letters and signs: signs of "specularity"; instability of the general features of handwriting, size, dispersal, placement and placement of written signs, the difference in the structure of letters of the same name, etc.

The investigator (court) can state the presence of an unusual letter, presumably determine its reasons, in particular, the execution of the text with the left hand, and accordingly select a comparative material.

Experimental samples of handwriting, signatures are such texts, records, signatures that are performed specifically for conducting an examination in conditions as close as possible to those in which (as expected) the text under study was performed, a signature.

The advantages of experimental handwriting samples are the possibility of obtaining them in any form and quantity necessary for the examination, as well as the reliability of their belonging to a certain person. In the presence of experimental samples of handwriting, the expert has manuscripts comparable not only in content and conditions of execution, but also, as far as possible, in the state of the writer, and can conduct research taking into account the varieties of deliberate distortion of both the handwriting as a whole and its individual features. In the selection of experimental samples, the writing process can be observed in order to obtain additional information necessary for the examiner to evaluate the results of the comparative study and formulate conclusions. The disadvantage of experimental samples is the possibility of deliberate distortion of the artist's handwriting, signature.

Investigators and judges must strictly observe the rules for the selection of experimental samples and, themselves or with the help of a specialist, determine the conditions for their selection as a result of examining the document under study and on the basis of data obtained during the interrogation of persons involved in its production. When selecting experimental samples of handwriting, signatures in order to fully manifest in the manuscript the entire set of features characterizing the handwriting of the alleged performer (posture, writing hand, tempo, font, writing material), the same writing conditions are observed in which the document under study is executed. The person from whom the experimental handwriting samples are taken must perform them while in a normal posture and can use glasses and a familiar writing instrument. The number of experimental samples of handwriting and signatures should be at least 9 sheets, of which 3 sheets are filled in at the usual pace, 3 sheets - at a very fast pace, 3 sheets - slowly and diligently. The number of signatures on one sheet should be no more than 10 - 15, if possible in different versions.

Experimental samples can be obtained under the dictation of the investigator (judge). The text is prepared in advance and dictated at a pace determined by the investigator (judge); the words are read as they are pronounced, punctuation marks are not highlighted in a voice. If it is permissible due to the circumstances of the case, the content of the document under investigation is dictated 3-4 times. If, during the selection of experimental samples, it is found that the writer seeks to change his handwriting and slows down or accelerates the pace of writing, this must be prevented by speeding up or slowing down the pace of dictation. The selection of experimental samples from the suspect is carried out in several stages with a break in time of 3 - 5 days, which ensures the full manifestation of the variations of handwriting signs that a given person has. If the investigator (judge) considers it unnecessary to familiarize the person with the content of the document under investigation, he is dictated to a specially composed text containing excerpts and individual words from the text under investigation. In no case should you be allowed to copy from the document under study or copy from the signature under investigation. If the text under study is made with imitation of a printed or other font or with the left hand, the writer should be asked to complete the samples in all fonts known to him and not only with his right, but also with his left hand.

In cases where the investigator (judge) or expert has reason to believe that the text under investigation (signature) was made in a deliberately modified handwriting or under unusual conditions, appropriate conditions can be created when taking samples: a certain writing rate is set, texts similar in content are proposed , similar writing instruments and materials, no matter how unusual they are, the slope of the letters (right, left, straight) and their structure (cursive or printed) are determined. You may be asked to perform the text without taking off your gloves, without glasses or wearing dark glasses, with a changed position, position of a sheet of paper, backing, lighting, etc.

If there is data on the execution of the investigated text, signatures in a state of alcoholic intoxication, samples, along with those performed under normal conditions, should be selected (in the form of the investigated text and signature) on 5-6 sheets in very fast pace, in the most uncomfortable position(standing, without support for the writing hand, possibly on a vertical surface, etc.).

If for the examination experimental samples of the handwriting of the persons under examination are selected under sharply unusual conditions, handwriting samples are also taken for control in their usual environment.

Conditionally free samples of handwriting, signatures are texts, records, signatures in documents that were executed after the case arose, but not specifically for the examination. These include documents on the case (statements of claim, explanations, motions, remarks, complaints, interrogation protocols) and other manuscripts made during the course of the case. In rare cases, when the examination should be carried out only on conditionally free samples (if free samples are not found, and it is impossible to select experimental ones), the expert is informed about the reasons for the impossibility of submitting other samples, which is stipulated in the resolution (definition).

Features of the preparation of comparative material when appointing an examination of signatures. Signatures in documents are the most common object of handwriting examinations. A person can develop various options for signatures when executing various kinds of documents. The use of one or another version of the signature also depends on other factors, for example, on the state of the person, the number of signatures performed in a row on a large number of documents, on the conditions in which he signs, and even on the size of the column and its place on the form of the document. Therefore, free samples of signatures should be presented in as large a quantity as possible in different versions and on different documents.

If a signature on behalf of an existing person is subject to examination and there is a prospective executor, samples of signatures and handwriting of both persons shall be submitted. At the same time, in addition to free samples of his signature and handwriting, samples of his handwriting in the form of reproduction of the surname of the person on whose behalf the signature under investigation appears.

If a short signature (consisting of 1 - 3 letters) and simple in structure signature is to be examined, then the maximum comparable in composition, structural and geometric characteristics should be submitted samples of signatures in an amount of at least 10 (this number is necessary for the application of a quantitative method with using the program "Oko").

Samples of signatures should be performed on separate sheets of paper in several steps to avoid imitation, copying of the signature version, and deliberate distortion. Each sample sheet must be certified by the contractor.

Features of preparing handwriting samples in the study of manuscripts made with special fonts and imitating the printed font. When appointing an examination of this kind of manuscripts, samples are sent for research, both in cursive writing and in the font used to write the documents under study. Free samples of "printed" handwriting can be presented in the form of various inscriptions made on library cards, drawings, projects, etc. When selecting experimental samples, the person should be asked to write the text in the same font, having previously found out whether the suspect can write in special fonts. Experimental samples must be of 2 types: "printed" and cursive. Experimental samples of "printed" handwriting are performed under dictation and independently at different rates in an amount of at least 5 - 10 sheets, cursive samples - on 6 - 9 sheets and must contain exactly those words and letter combinations in which cursive elements appeared in the document under study.

Features of the preparation of materials for the examination of digital letters. Samples of digital letters should contain numbers found in the documents under study, performed separately and in combination with each other. Various kinds of documents (statements, invoices, invoices, receipts, etc.) on at least 8-10 pages can be submitted as free samples of digital letters. It is desirable that these samples contain records similar to those under study and, if possible, be written with the same writing device.

Experimental samples of digital writing are dictated in certain combinations, if necessary with the words “satellites”: p., K., Kg, m2, etc. Numerical and numerical designations are dictated based on the content of the records under study - numbers, fractional indicators. As experimental samples should be selected 6 - 9 sheets of digital writing, made in the usual, fast and slow pace; the numbers must be repeated several times separately and in different combinations.

Features of the preparation of materials in the study of manuscripts made in distorted handwriting. If, when examining the document under examination, signs of distortion are observed (with imitation of the printed font, with the left hand in the absence of writing skills with this hand, with a change in the slope of the handwriting), the investigator (court) can independently select experimental samples, suggesting the suspect to write with a change in the same signs. However, sometimes the establishment of the type of handwriting change requires the participation of a specialist in the field of forensic handwriting, who, taking into account the nature of the handwriting change in the document under study, determines the conditions for the implementation of experimental handwriting samples from specific persons and selects them together with the investigator or judge.

The study requires a comparative material of considerable volume and different nature, containing free, conditionally free and experimental samples (at least 40 sheets). Experimental handwriting samples can be texts with the same vocabulary composition as possible with the document under study, executed at different tempos, with different inclination, different sizes, etc. The submission of such samples is especially important in cases where the alleged performer refuses to perform the samples in the proposed modified handwriting.

Features of the preparation of comparative materials for the examination of manuscripts completed with a break in time. If the document under study was carried out for a long time, then when selecting samples, it is necessary to take into account that the greatest changes in handwriting over time may appear in persons with immature handwriting (primary school students), in persons with poorly developed handwriting, but who had significant writing practice during the time that has passed. from the moment of writing the document under study until the appointment of an examination, in elderly people (over 64 years old) or those who have suffered from diseases.

Depending on the factors that could have influenced the change in handwriting over time, free samples are selected in the form of manuscripts written at about the same time as the document being examined was executed. In this case, it is desirable to have a large amount of comparative material, which is associated with the need to determine the possible limits of stability of handwriting features.

The selection of samples, depending on the category of the case under consideration, has some specificity.

So, on business invalidating a will In addition to the signature, the object of the study is, as a rule, the record of the surname, name, patronymic decoding it. Therefore, along with samples of signatures of all prospective performers (comparable in terms of performance time), samples of their handwriting must also be submitted, including in the form of reproducing the last name, first name and patronymic of the person on whose behalf the signatures (records) were made. The latter are selected experimentally. In addition, along with a copy of the will, which is usually sent for examination, it is advisable to submit also a copy of the will, which is kept in the affairs of the notary office, and a register book for registering notarial acts, which must also contain the signatures of the testator, as well as data on the state of health of the testator on period of drawing up the will. The presentation of these documents increases the amount of graphical information subject to research, will allow to establish the cause of the deformation of the features (if any), which can contribute to a more successful solution of the problem posed to the expert.

The most characteristic shortcomings that occur when assigning handwriting examinations:

• the absence of the investigated document or all materials in the materials submitted for examination (one determination is submitted in arbitration cases);
• unclear designation of the objects under investigation (especially if there are several similar documents in the case materials);
• submission for research of electrophotographic copies, in which the object of research is signatures;
• inaccuracies in the designation of the details of documents, surname, name, patronymic of the alleged performers;
• lack of information about comparative materials (in the definitions in civil cases, as a rule, samples are not listed);
• absence or insufficient number of free samples of handwriting and signatures of the alleged performers;
• incomparability of samples to the objects under study according to the above parameters (execution time, composition of signatures, method of execution of texts, etc.)

When assessing the expert's conclusion (his research and formulated conclusions), it is necessary to take into account that the possibility and success of solving the issues put before the experts by the investigative and judicial authorities are mainly determined by 5 factors: the type, nature and characteristics of the object of handwriting research; availability of comparative material sufficient in terms of quantity and quality; the level of method development; appropriate technical equipment of expert institutions; availability of trained personnel.

When establishing the reliability of the expert's conclusion, it is necessary to pay attention to the applied research methods. A significant part of modern methods of handwriting examination is characterized by complexity, i.e. integration in one process of traditional, quantitative, instrumental methods and computers. This achieves the objectivity of the examination, overcoming unwanted subjectivity. Most of the techniques are presented in “manual” and machine versions, they are published and are being introduced into expert practice.

At the same time, it is necessary to have an idea about the real possibilities of handwriting examination. So, when solving diagnostic problems at the modern level, it is usually possible to establish the facts of the execution (in an informative manuscript) of the signature in unusual conditions not associated with deliberate distortion of the handwriting (writing in an uncomfortable posture, in an unusual psychophysiological state, etc.), in a state of illness, by a person elderly and senile age; distorted handwriting; some types of intentional distortion; imitating the handwriting, signature of another person. However, with a low information content of the object, it is not always possible to differentiate a specific "confusing" factor, therefore, in the expert's opinion, it is indicated among possible alternatives, for example: an uncomfortable posture, an unusual state of the performer - a disease of the central nervous system, alcohol intoxication, etc. In some cases, the expert manages to state only the very fact of the execution of the manuscript under unusual conditions without specifying them.

Currently developed and applied in expert practice:

• model methods for assessing the coincidence of handwriting features: a) taking into account the group affiliation by structure in alphabetic and "mixed" (alphabetic and digital) texts when examining texts with a volume of at least 560 characters (1 standard sheet), made in normal conditions with highly developed handwriting; b) in the study of texts of the same volume, made with imitation of the printed type by persons who were trained according to prescriptions until 1961;
• a method for assessing differences in features when examining similar handwritings;
• method of differentiation of highly developed handwriting according to the degree of movement perfection;
• methods for determining gender and age according to highly and medium-developed handwriting (with the volume of the text being examined 1 standard sheet);
• methodology for the study of texts made with a deliberate change in handwriting in a cursive way (about 1 standard sheet);
• methods of research of short records, allowing to solve the identification problem of identifying the performers and allowing to differentiate the conditions for their fulfillment: usual, recording with imitation;
• methods for examining signatures made in unusual conditions: auto-forgery, imitation, alcohol intoxication, environmental factors (unusual posture, uncomfortable substrate, darkened room, moving vehicles), physical fatigue, stress and similarity of signature handwriting.

When applying the last two methods, a large number of samples are required based on short notes and signatures, of which at least 10 samples are maximally comparable with the object under study.

Along with model methods, methods for studying texts made in an unusual left-handed handwriting, texts and signatures made by persons of elderly (over 64 years old) and senile (over 70 years old) ages, texts performed at a qualitative traditional level have been developed and applied in expert practice, texts performed highly developed handwriting with a change in inclination (from right to left), with a break in time.

The problems associated with the study of uninformative handwriting objects (signatures, short notes) made with intentionally altered handwriting, similar handwritings are not always effectively solved, and especially in cases where it is required to establish the performer of an inauthentic signature.

The foregoing testifies to the fact that the content of handwriting as an object of examination is still far from being revealed. As a phenomenon of psychophysiological nature, handwriting is so multicomponent, complex and systemic that it is not possible to exhaust knowledge about it at the modern level of development of science. There remains a large stock of handwriting information not identified and not used for forensic purposes. This applies to all 3 mentioned groups of handwriting problems: identification, diagnostic and classification.

There are still no “identification” methods for establishing the performer and the conditions for performing the study of handwriting objects made in a state of intoxication, “classification” methods for establishing such socio-demographic characteristics of the performer of the manuscript as the level of education, profession, as well as psychological parameters of his personality.

The above indicates that the content of handwriting as an object of examination is still far from being revealed. As a phenomenon of psychophysiological nature, handwriting is so multicomponent, complex and systemic that it is impossible to exhaust knowledge about it at the current level of development of science. There remains a large stock of handwriting information not identified and not used for forensic purposes. This applies to all 3 mentioned groups of handwriting problems: identification, diagnostic, and classification.