The main botanical garden tsitsina address. Tsitsin Nikolay Vasilievich. Botanical address, opening hours

26.01.2022

From the outside, you can’t always say that the green oasis spread over half of the Ostankino district is a botanical garden. It is already very far from ideal and emasculated gardens, in which trees plant twig to twig, and intricate landscape compositions are created from flowers. In GBS, everything is natural and organic: Japanese sakura coexist with pines familiar to any Russian, and Chinese poplars - with lilacs.

Many visitors are unanimous in their opinion: GBS RAS resembles, rather, a forest park than a garden. And, nevertheless, this park is not simple: you will pass through the massif of the forest - and you will see an ennobled rose garden, you will turn in the other direction - and you will come out to a giant glass greenhouse. There is no need to crowd all the plants in one place - in the Main Botanical Garden, on its more than three hundred hectares, there is clearly where to roam. And what secrets can be found in it, we will now tell.

Voices of Russian history

View of the building of the laboratory building of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tsitsina and the pond. Photo: Shutterstock.com

Part of the panorama of the Botanical Garden. Photo: Shutterstock.com

The building of the laboratory building of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tsitsina. Photo: Photobank Moscow-Live.ru

Commemorative plaque. Photo: Photobank Moscow-Live.ru

By itself, the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a young institution. Next year he will turn only 75 - agree, not so much for such an impressive garden and park ensemble. April 14, 1945 is considered his official date of birth, the “father” is Academician Nikolai Vasilievich Tsitsin, who became its first director (the garden still bears his name). It was from this time that outlandish plants brought from different parts of the world began to appear in the capital.

And yet it cannot be said that in the middle of the last century the botanical garden arose out of nowhere. In fact, scientists and gardeners received a real gift - pristine forests, ready to accept new "overseas" neighbors. And even though some plants in the garden grow only a few decades, the local forests are the oldest. The first mention of them was found in the chronicles of 1584. Walking along the quiet alleys of the garden, try to feel all the grandeur of these places - by the way, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself, the father of Peter I, once hunted here.

Gering flowers

New greenhouse. Photo: AGN "Moscow"

Exposition of the Old Orangery. Photo: Shutterstock.com

Let's go from the oak forest to the southwest and go to the buildings of the New and Old greenhouses. The first - a kind of futuristic version of the old Russian "barrel" - is still closed to the public. But the Old stock greenhouse, located in the building of the 50s, is still working. It was it that at one time became the first home for tropical and subtropical plants delivered to the USSR after the war. According to official information, the collection was based on plants purchased from German nurseries in the period from 1945 to 1949. While the Moscow greenhouse was being built, they were in Potsdam's Sanssouci, where they were carefully guarded by a botanical group headed by Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences P. A. Baranov. And now a semi-official detail: most of these plants were once owned by Hermann Goering, who, by the way, was not only the chairman of the Reichstag, but also the chief huntsman of Germany. During the years spent in the highest echelons of Nazi power, he managed to accumulate an extensive collection of the rarest plants brought from different parts of the world, including magnificent orchids that became the pride of the Botanical Garden.

Subsequently, the collection of the Stock Greenhouse was replenished through expeditions to India and the countries of the Indian Ocean basin and, of course, through exchanges with other botanical gardens around the world. As a result - the largest collection in terms of the number of items in the GBS and one of the largest collections of tropical and subtropical plants in the country. The space inside the Old Greenhouse is divided into "geographical" expositions: Tropics of the Old and New Worlds, Dry Subtropics and Wet Subtropics, bringing together thousands of heat-loving plants from all over the world - from the Mediterranean to Japan. Among the oldest and most unusual is a 150-year-old giant from the genus Encephalarthos. This group of plants grew on Earth as early as the Jurassic period (during the era of dinosaurs!) and "survived" to this day almost unchanged. Isn't this time travel?

Nature from around the world

GBS RAS is a place in which the whole world, at least the botanical one, literally fits. It's no joke: in Soviet times, scientists went on expeditions every year - either to the Far East, then to India, or even to Cuba. Of course, not all of them take root, but the higher the value of foreign samples. It is not so easy to identify them in the forest more often, but be sure: in the same arboretum, spread over 75 hectares, many trees and shrubs from Central Asia, China, Japan, North America and the Mediterranean are hidden.

However, most of the flora of the botanical garden is domestic and from the countries of the former USSR. Reproducing it exactly and, most importantly, preserving it is one of the first priorities of the institution's employees. We can find a clear result of this work in the eastern part of the garden, closer to VDNKh: here, on an area of 30 hectares, the collection of the GBS flora department is located, divided into separate expositions. Five of them are geographical, with characteristic plants and, interestingly, the landscape of a particular area. So, walking along one territory, you can admire the nature of the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia and the Caucasus. Can you figure out where everything is without a clue?

Garden of Continuous Bloom

Manchurian Walnut in the Botanical Garden. Photo: Shutterstock.com

The "Garden of Continuous Bloom" is also known as the living calendar of plants, and for good reason. Such a romantic name fully justifies itself: from early spring to late autumn, there is a real riot of colors here. As if by magic, trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers alternate shades - from spring transparent white to autumn red-yellow. The effect of such a natural brush again lies in the skill of man: just plants that bloom in the same period are grouped.

You can walk in the garden endlessly, and if you enter it from the side of the Stock Greenhouse, then at the end you will find a worthy climax - a sprawling and multi-stemmed Manchurian walnut, as if descended from the pages of ancient legends.

Japanese garden

Photo: Sergey Vedyashkin / AGN "Moskva"

Photo: Alexander Avilov / AGN "Moscow"

During the cherry blossom season, people line up at the trees to take pictures. Photo: Sergey Vedyashkin / AGN "Moskva"

In autumn, the Japanese garden is no less beautiful. Photo: Shutterstock.com

From the Manchurian walnut to the northeast - and here we have, perhaps, the most popular exposition of the Main Botanical Garden. Every year, the Japanese Garden attracts tens or even hundreds of thousands of visitors - most of all, of course, in the spring, when a vast area of almost three hectares is painted in soft pink. Yes, it's cherry blossoms.

GBS boasts the most "northern" Japanese garden in the world. It was opened in 1987 by architect K. Nakajima and with the support of the Japanese Embassy. The work was carried out for more than one year, the approach is the most thorough. Building materials from the Land of the Rising Sun, an authentic 150-year-old pagoda, which today is in the center of the landscape composition, a variety of flora and even a separate house for the tea ceremony (alas, you can survive this experience only two days a year) - every detail reflects the oriental philosophy and purely Japanese character. By the way, in the 80s, the first sakura in the garden was planted by the then Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Shintaro Abe. Almost thirty years later, a seedling grown from the seeds of this tree will be planted by his son, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.

The Japanese garden is open during the warm season, from April to October. Entrance to the territory is paid, guided tours are held.

revived rose garden

View of the rose garden. Photo: Shutterstock.com

If in spring everyone keeps their finger on the pulse in anticipation of cherry blossoms, in summer the main object of attraction for visitors is the rose garden. A magnificent (and fragrant!) park with fountains and an elegant layout is located in the very south of the GBS. They broke it in 1961, and popularity came immediately: it's hard to believe, but then for ordinary citizens, roses in Moscow were a real curiosity. They say that the rosary collection was also received by the USSR from defeated Germany - as a reparation.

However, this colorful oasis did not remain a symbol of a triumphant and well-organized country for long: in the 90s, the rose garden fell into a terrible decline. Part of the flowers died, another part went into someone's vases. The park was restored to its former glory only in 2011 - half a century after the first opening. Today, the rose garden has collected in one area about 600 varieties of roses from different countries - from England to China. It is traditionally open from May to October. Paid entrance.

You can walk in the botanical garden all year round (the exception is the work of expositions, which falls on the warm season), but, of course, the peak of GBS popularity occurs in spring-summer, when plants begin to bloom. The easiest way to get to the territory is from the Vladykino metro station or by bus from the VDNKh metro station. Most of the entrances to the garden are located from Botanicheskaya Street.

Tsitsin Nikolai Vasilievich - Academician of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin, Director of the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Born on December 6 (18), 1898 in Saratov in a peasant family. Russian. Graduated from elementary school. As a teenager he worked at a factory in Saratov.

During the Civil War, he was a military commissar, participated in the defense of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) and battles on the Southern Front, defended the Soviet Republic.

After the war in Saratov he graduated from the workers' faculty at the university. In 1923-1927 he studied at the Saratov Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation.

After graduating from the institute in 1927-1932, he worked at the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Economy of the South-East as a researcher. On the fields of this institute (Saratov Agricultural Experimental Station), being at the same time an agronomist of one of the departments of the Gigant grain farm in the Salsky district of the Rostov region, N.V. Tsitsin began to conduct experiments that later led him to brilliant results.

From the very beginning, N. V. Tsitsin was interested in the problem of creating more productive varieties of the main food crop - wheat - based on distant hybridization. He crossed wheat with wheatgrass and for the first time received a wheat-couch grass hybrid. He widely involved in crossing wild and cultivated plants that had gone through independent evolutionary paths that determined their genetic isolation. Research carried out by scientists in this direction has made it possible to create new varieties of plants.

From 1932, N.V. Tsitsin worked as the head of the laboratory of wheat-couch grass hybrids at the Omsk Zonal Experimental Station, which was later reorganized into the Siberian Research Institute of Grain Economy (in 1936-1938 - director of the institute). Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (1936). Here, the scientist created mid-early (with a shorter growing season) varieties of wheat-couch grass hybrids, characterized by high yields and a complex of other economically valuable traits. At the same time, new varieties of wheat with a branched spike structure were created. Prior to this, only forms of spring durum branched wheat existed in nature. The scientist managed to create varieties of winter soft branched wheat, that is, forms that did not exist in nature before. One of the pioneering works of Tsitsin was experiments on the creation of multi-grain forms of wheat with especially high productivity.

In 1938-1949 and in 1954-1957, N. V. Tsitsin was the director of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSHV) in Moscow; in 1938-1948 - Chairman of the State Commission for variety testing of grain, oilseeds and herbs; in 1940-1949 - director of the Research Institute of Grain Economy of the non-chernozem zone of the USSR; in 1940-1957 - head of the laboratory of remote hybridization of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1938-1948 - Vice-President of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin (VASKhNIL). Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1938.

In the postwar years, N.V. Tsitsin created intermediate constant (resistant in offspring) forms of wheat with a high protein content and competing in yield with the best standards of this crop. For the first time in the history of breeding and genetic science, he created a completely new type of wheat plant, which is of great scientific and practical importance - perennial wheat, which he named Triticum agropynotriticum. Of great practical importance were also the works of Tsitsin on the creation of high-yielding lodging-resistant varieties and forms with a shortened and filled culm.

The scientist and his colleagues successfully used polyploid forms of plants (containing several sets of chromosomes in cells) in breeding. In particular, a tetraploid variety of winter rye "Start" was created, which had high winter hardiness and productivity. Particularly interesting are the works of Tsitsin and his students on the hybridization of wheat, rye and barley with elimus (giant, sandy and soft). On the basis of 29 combinations of crossing soft and durum wheat with three types of elimus, 7 generations of wheat-elimus hybrids were obtained. In 1968-1969, during the hybridization of wheat with soft elimus, highly productive constant 42-chromosome hybrids were isolated for the first time. They were distinguished by large ears and grains, contained over 20 percent protein and over 40 percent gluten.

In 1945-1980, N. V. Tsitsin was the director of the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences (GBS of the USSR Academy of Sciences), organized with his participation, chairman of the Council of Botanical Gardens of the USSR (1953-1980), academician-secretary of the Department of Plant Growing and Breeding of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1966- 1968), President (1969-1975), Vice President (1975-1980) of the International Association of Botanic Gardens.

Under the leadership of N. V. Tsitsin, all landscape and construction work on the development of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition / VDNKh of the USSR and GBS took place. He was the initiator of organizing expeditions around the country to collect plants for the botanical garden. Since 1947, Tsitsin has been collecting a scientific library, in whose funds already in 1952 there were 55 thousand books, including the rarest copies of the 16th-19th centuries in Russian and foreign languages. Since 1948, Tsitsin began to publish the Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden. Of the 200 published bulletins from the 1st to the 120th, he himself was the editor-in-chief. Under his leadership, an arboretum, one of the largest in Europe, was created on 75 hectares. During its existence, 2500 species of woody plants were tested in it. Of these, 1800 were selected as quite sustainable, and of these, in turn, about 600 were recommended for planting greenery in Moscow.

In 1952, on the initiative of N.V. Tsitsin, a network of botanical gardens of the USSR was created, and the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences became a kind of national coordinating and methodological center. In the same year, the greenhouse was opened. By 1953, Tsitsin had completely completed the exposition of the flora department, and by 1954, on the day of the second birth of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition / VDNKh, the garden of continuous flowering, the garden of coastal plants and the collection rose garden were finally completed. In the village of Snegiri, Istra district, Moscow region, on almost 1.5 thousand hectares, Tsitsin organized an experimental garden farm.

On July 28, 1959, the Botanical Garden was opened to visitors. By the 1970s, all the main expositions of the garden were finally completed, and collection sections of geographical landscapes were created in the flora department. The garden under the direction of N. V. Tsitsin became one of the largest in Europe. There were more than 20 thousand taxa of plants in his collections (about 17 thousand were exhibited).

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 17, 1968 for outstanding services in the development of biological and agricultural sciences and in connection with the seventieth birthday Tsitsin Nikolay Vasilievich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 15, 1978, for outstanding services in the development of Soviet science and in connection with the eightieth anniversary of his birth, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle". Became twice Hero of Socialist Labor.

Delegate of the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st (1937-1946), 3rd-4th convocations (1950-1958).

Honorary foreign member of 8 foreign academies. He was president, chairman, member of a number of domestic and foreign scientific organizations. President (1958-1970) and Vice-President (since 1970) of the Soviet-Indian Society for Friendship and Cultural Ties. More than 700 scientific papers have been published, including 46 books and brochures. He has 8 copyright certificates for inventions. Many works have been published abroad.

Awarded 7 Orders of Lenin (12/30/1935; 06/10/1945; 11/10/1945; 11/19/1953; 12/17/1968; 09/17/1975; 12/15/1978), orders of the October Revolution (12/18/1973), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (11/16/1919 ), medals, including "For Military Merit" (10/28/1967), the gold medal named after I. V. Michurin, the French Order "For Merit in the Field of Agriculture" (1959). Laureate of the Lenin (1978) and Stalin 2nd degree (1943) Prizes of the USSR.
The name of N. V. Tsitsin was given to the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Compositions:
Remote hybridization of plants, M., 1954;
The problem of winter and perennial wheat, M., 1935;
What will the crossing of wheat with wheatgrass give, M., 1937;
Research in the field of vegetative-sexual hybridization of herbaceous plants with woody ones;
Proceedings of the Zonal Institute of Grain Economy of the non-chernozem zone of the USSR, 1946;
Ways to create new cultivated plants, M., 1948;
The role of science and best practices in the rise of grain farming, M., 1954;
Perennial wheat, M., 1978;
Theory and practice of distant hybridization, M., 1981.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Tsitsin went down in history as a Soviet botanist, geneticist and breeder.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Tsitsin was born on December 18, 1898 in the city of Saratov. He came from a poor peasant family, as a teenager he worked at a factory in Saratov. Having lost their father in the same year, the family moved to Saratov, where, due to the difficult financial situation, Kolya was given to an orphanage by his mother. There he stayed until 1912 and received his primary education, and then, in order to earn a living, he mastered many professions.
During the Civil War, Tsitsin joined the Red Army and soon became a military commissar, and since 1920 he was the head of the cult department and a member of the provincial communications committee in Saratov. Then he continued his education - first he studied at the workers' faculty, and then entered the agronomic faculty of the Saratov Institute of Agriculture and Melioration, from which he graduated in 1927 and got a job at the Saratov Agricultural Experimental Station at the All-Union Institute of Grain Economy.
Communication with such outstanding breeders as N.G. Meister, A.P. Shekhurdin, P.N. Konstantinov determined the further direction of the young scientist's work. From the very beginning, he was interested in the problem of creating more productive varieties of the main food crop - wheat - based on distant hybridization. While working as an agronomist at one of the departments of the Gigant grain farm in the Salsky district of the Rostov region, Tsitsin crossed wheat with wheatgrass and for the first time received a wheat-couch grass hybrid, which was the beginning of his work in this direction. He widely involved in crossing wild and cultivated plants that had gone through independent evolutionary paths that determined their genetic isolation. Research carried out by scientists in this direction has made it possible to create new varieties of plants.
Under the leadership of N.V. Tsitsin, all landscape and construction work on the development of the VSHV-VDNKh and GBS took place. He was the initiator of organizing expeditions around the country to collect plants for the botanical garden. Since 1947, Tsitsin has been collecting a scientific library, in whose funds already in 1952 there were 55 thousand books, including the rarest copies of the 16th-19th centuries in Russian and foreign languages. Since 1948, Tsitsin began to publish the Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden. Of the 200 published bulletins from the 1st to the 120th, he himself was the editor-in-chief. Under his leadership, an arboretum, one of the largest in Europe, was created on 75 hectares. During its existence, 2500 species of woody plants were tested in it. Of these, 1800 were selected as quite sustainable, and of these, in turn, about 600 were recommended for planting greenery in Moscow.
In 1952, on the initiative of N.V. Tsitsin, a network of botanical gardens of the USSR was created, and the Main Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences became a kind of national coordinating and methodological center. In the same year, the greenhouse was opened. By 1953, Tsitsin had completely completed the exposition of the flora department, and by 1954, on the day of the second birth of the VSHV-VDNKh, the garden of continuous flowering, the garden of coastal plants and the collection rose garden were finally completed. In the village of Snegiri, Istra district, Moscow region, on almost 1.5 thousand hectares, Tsitsin organized an experimental garden farm.
On July 28, 1959, the Botanical Garden was opened to visitors. By the 70s, all the main expositions of the garden were finally completed, and collection sites of geographical landscapes were created in the flora department. The garden under the direction of N.V. Tsitsin became one of the largest in Europe. There were more than 20 thousand taxa of plants in his collections (about 17 thousand were exhibited).

Delegate of the XX Congress of the CPSU. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st, 3rd and 4th convocations.
N.V. Tsitsin is an honorary foreign member of 8 foreign academies. He was president, chairman, member of a number of domestic and foreign scientific organizations. President (1958-1970) and Vice-President (since 1970) of the Soviet-Indian Society for Friendship and Cultural Ties.
N.V. Tsitsin had the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (1936), the academic title of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1938).
N.V. Tsitsin Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1968, 1978), awarded 7 Orders of Lenin (1935, 08.1945, 09.1945, 1953, 1968, 1975, 1978), Orders of the October Revolution (1973), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939), medals , a gold medal named after I.V. Michurin, the French Order of Merit in the Field of Agriculture (1959). Laureate of the Lenin (1978) and State (1943) Prizes of the USSR.
More than 700 scientific papers have been published, including 46 books and brochures. He has 8 copyright certificates for inventions. Many works have been published abroad.
Lived in Moscow. Died July 17, 1980. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Works begun by Tsitsin in 1927 on distant hybridization of wheat with wheatgrass were continued in 1932–1938. in Omsk, and then in the Moscow region - in Nemchinovka and Snegiri, where they successfully continued until the last days of the scientist's life. As a result of hard work, Tsitsin and his colleagues for the first time obtained hybrids between the main types of wheat and three types of wheatgrass (as well as with one of the Siberian varieties of wheatgrass). In subsequent years, the scientist created mid-early (with a shorter growing season) varieties of wheat-couch grass hybrids, characterized by high yields and a complex of other economically valuable traits. At the same time, new varieties of wheat with a branched spike structure were created. Prior to this, only forms of spring durum branched wheat existed in nature. The scientist managed to create varieties of winter soft branched wheat, that is, forms that did not exist in nature before. One of the pioneering works of Tsitsin was experiments on the creation of multi-grain forms of wheat with especially high productivity. In the recent past, all varieties of wheat had spikelets with one or two grains in their ears. In modern varieties of wheat, the number of flowers in spikelets is five, and the number of grains does not exceed four. Based on the distant hybridization of cultivated wheat with wild cereals, Tsitsin was the first in the world to create hybrid forms of wheat, in the spikelets of which the number of flowers reaches nine, and the number of grains - six to eight, which leads to a significant increase in yield.

Of the varieties created by the scientist in the last years of his life, it should be noted intermediate constant (resistant in offspring) forms of wheat, which have a high protein content and compete in yield with the best standards of this crop. Knowing about such a property of couch grass as perenniality, Tsitsin for the first time in the history of breeding and genetic science created a completely new type of wheat plant, which is of great scientific and practical importance - perennial wheat, which he named Triticum agropynotriticum . Of great practical importance were also the works of Tsitsin on the creation of high-yielding lodging-resistant varieties and forms with a shortened and filled culm. Usually soft wheat varieties have a hollow culm, and in the hybrids he obtained, it was filled with parenchyma throughout the stem, which gave the plants greater resistance to lodging.

The scientist and his colleagues successfully used polyploid forms of plants (containing several sets of chromosomes in cells) in breeding. In particular, a tetraploid (with four sets of chromosomes in somatic cells) variety of winter rye "start" was created, which had high winter hardiness and productivity. Particularly interesting are the works of Tsitsin and his students on the hybridization of wheat, rye and barley with elimus (giant, sandy and soft). Based on 29 combinations of crossing soft and durum wheat with three types of elimus, seven generations of wheat-elimus hybrids were obtained. In 1968–1969 During the hybridization of wheat with soft elimus, highly productive constant 42-chromosomal hybrids were isolated for the first time. They were distinguished by large ears and grains, contained over 20% protein and over 40% gluten.

Recognized as one of the largest gardens in Europe, the Main Botanical Garden. N.V. Tsitsin of the Russian Academy of Sciences is an institution of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations of Russia.

The decision to create it was made in 1945, immediately after Russia's victory in the Great Patriotic War. The garden was planned as a symbol of Russia's victory and the reign of peace on its territory. The name of Academician Tsitsin was given to the garden in 1991, for his services in the field of genetics, botany and breeding. Nikolai Vasilyevich himself was twice awarded the Order of the Hero of Labor. The academician led the garden for 35 years, from the very day of its foundation.

Modern garden funds include about 18 thousand different varieties of plants from all over the world. The garden covers an area of almost 332 hectares and is a national treasure of Russia. Employees and scientific staff of the garden carry out research work on the study and conservation of rare plant varieties. In addition, the Main Botanical Garden is also known for its educational activities: lectures and conferences dedicated to the wealth of the natural world of Russia.

The garden is also known for its achievements in the field of crop production and landscape architecture. On its territory, the basics of creating botanical gardens, as well as the secrets of hybridization and reproduction of rare species are being actively studied. The scientific staff is actively developing theories of creating completely new plant species and saving endangered ones.